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Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...

Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Unsymmetric Bending - Angle of Neutral Axis

Unsymmetric Bending - Angle of Neutral Axis

Unsymmetrical bending occurs when a structural member is subjected to bending moments in a plane that does not align with the member's principal axes. This scenario typically arises in beams and other structural components when loads are applied at non-ideal angles, introducing complexities in stress analysis.
When a bending moment is applied at an angle θ concerning the vertical axis of a symmetrical member, it can be resolved into components along the member's principal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection and Synovial Fluid Lavage in a Rodent Model to Study Joint Inflammation and Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection and Synovial Fluid Lavage in a Rodent Model to Study Joint Inflammation and Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis

Published on: September 2, 2025

Interobserver Reliability and Change in the Sagittal Tibial Tubercle-Trochlear Groove Distance with Increasing Knee

Ian S MacLean¹, Taylor M Southworth¹, Ian J Dempsey¹

¹Midwest Orthopaedics, Rush Orthopedic Surgery, Chicago, Illinois.

The Journal of Knee Surgery

|May 1, 2021

Summary

The sagittal tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (sTT-TG) distance is a reliable measurement for knee alignment. This distance changes with knee flexion, requiring careful consideration during MRI assessments.

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic surgery
Radiology
Biomechanics

Background:

The tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance is a standard metric for assessing knee alignment in patellar instability.
Sagittal plane variations, measured by the sagittal tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (sTT-TG) distance, are implicated in instability and may relate to cartilage injuries.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the interobserver reliability of the sTT-TG distance measurement.
To characterize how the sTT-TG distance changes with varying knee flexion angles.

Main Methods:

Six cadaveric knees were imaged using MRI at multiple flexion angles (-5 to 20 degrees).
The sTT-TG distance was measured on axial T2 sequences by four independent reviewers.
Interobserver reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs).
Changes in sTT-TG distance across flexion angles were analyzed using ANOVA and Friedman's tests.

Main Results:

Excellent interobserver reliability for sTT-TG distance was found (ICCs > 0.9).
The sTT-TG distance became progressively more posterior (more negative) with increasing knee flexion.
Significant changes in sTT-TG distance were observed with small variations in knee flexion angle (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:

The sTT-TG distance is a reproducible and reliable measurement among surgeons.
Knee flexion angle significantly influences the sTT-TG distance.
Surgeons must be aware of knee flexion angles when interpreting sTT-TG measurements on MRI.