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Related Concept Videos

Effects of Creep01:25

Effects of Creep

271
Creep in concrete, the gradual deformation under prolonged stress, significantly impacts the integrity of structures. For reinforced concrete beams, it can be a vital design consideration, as it increases deflection, sometimes necessitating additional design measures. In columns, especially slender ones under eccentric loads, creep can cause buckling, compromising their stability. However, creep can be beneficial in indeterminate structures by mitigating stresses that arise from shrinkage,...
271
Factors Affecting Creep01:28

Factors Affecting Creep

251
In normal-weight aggregate concrete, the hardened cement paste is the primary contributor to creep, whereas the aggregates, being stiffer than the cement paste, are more resilient to stress-induced deformation. The stiffness of the aggregates is defined by their modulus of elasticity, and the more voluminous they are in the concrete, the less it will creep.
Further, the water/cement ratio is critical, as a lower ratio increases concrete strength, thus reducing creep. The strength of the...
251
Plastic Behavior01:21

Plastic Behavior

344
A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
344
Actin Polymerization01:42

Actin Polymerization

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Actin polymerization occurs through the head-to-tail association of binding sites on monomeric actin or G-actin to form filamentous or F-actin. The polymerization can be divided into three phases ̶  nucleation, elongation, and steady-state phase.
The nucleation phase involves forming a stable nucleus consisting of three actin monomers to form a new actin filament. Actin-binding proteins such as formins and Arp2/3 complex help filament growth post-nucleation. The Formins form straight...
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Creep in Concrete01:22

Creep in Concrete

668
Creep refers to the time-dependent increase in strain under a sustained load, excluding other time-dependent deformations associated with shrinkage, swelling, and thermal expansion in concrete. The primary mechanism behind creep involves the loss of physically adsorbed water from the calcium silicate hydrate within the hydrated cement paste. This process is further exacerbated by concrete's non-linear stress-strain relationship, microcrack development in the interfacial transition zone, and...
668
Plastic Deformation in Circular Shafts01:20

Plastic Deformation in Circular Shafts

329
When materials are subjected to forces that surpass their yield strength, they undergo a process known as plastic deformation. This results in a permanent alteration or strain in their structure. This concept can be specifically applied to circular shafts, where the deformation leads to a change in its shape. The precise evaluation of this plastic deformation requires understanding the stress distribution within the circular shaft, which is achieved by calculating the maximum shearing stress in...
329

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Fabrication Process of Silicone-based Dielectric Elastomer Actuators
10:32

Fabrication Process of Silicone-based Dielectric Elastomer Actuators

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NIR-vis-UV Light-Responsive High Stress-Generating Polymer Actuators with a Reduced Creep Rate.

Xinglong Pan1, Rob C P Verpaalen1, Huiyi Zhang2

  • 1Laboratory of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials & Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications
|May 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

New light-responsive actuators made from polyethylene films generate high stress and respond quickly to UV, visible, and infrared light. These stable, transparent actuators are promising for soft robotics applications.

Keywords:
actuatorsgraphenelight illuminationphotoinduced stresspolyethylene

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Science
  • Soft Robotics

Background:

  • Developing light-responsive actuators from common polymers for soft robotics is challenging.
  • Existing actuators often lack stability or responsiveness to a wide range of light wavelengths.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create transparent, high-stress-generating actuators using ultradrawn ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) films.
  • To investigate the effect of graphene and light-absorbing dyes on actuator performance.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of composite films with varying draw ratios (30, 70, 100) incorporating graphene and dyes.
  • Testing actuator response to ultraviolet (365 nm), visible (455 nm), and near-infrared (780 nm) light.
  • Measuring photoinduced stress and response time.

Main Results:

  • Composite actuators exhibited rapid response times (t0.9 < 0.8 s) across multiple light wavelengths.
  • A maximum photoinduced stress of 35 MPa was achieved at a draw ratio of 70 under near-infrared light.
  • Photoinduced stress showed a linear correlation with light intensity, indicating light-to-thermal energy conversion.

Conclusions:

  • Ultradrawn UHMWPE films with graphene and dyes form effective, stable, light-responsive actuators.
  • These actuators demonstrate significant potential for advanced soft robotics and light-driven mechanical systems.
  • Additives improved film stability by reducing plastic creep rate.