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Published on: January 7, 2019
Vaccines for immunoprevention of cancer
Tomohiro Enokida1, Alvaro Moreira1,2, Nina Bhardwaj1,2,3
1Department of Medicine, Precision Immunology Institute, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
Abstract:
The immunoprevention of cancer and cancer recurrence is an important area of concern for the scientific community and society as a whole. Researchers have been working for decades to develop vaccines with the potential to alleviate these health care and economic burdens. So far, vaccines have made more progress in preventing cancer than in eliminating already established cancer. In particular, vaccines targeting oncogenic viruses, such as the human papillomavirus and the hepatitis B virus, are exceptional examples of successful prevention of virus-associated cancers, such as cervical cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer-preventive vaccines targeting nonviral antigens, such as tumor-associated antigens and neoantigens, are also being extensively tested. Here, we review the currently approved preventive cancer vaccines; discuss the challenges in this field by covering ongoing preclinical and clinical human trials in various cancers; and address various issues related to maximizing cancer vaccine benefit.
Insights
Cancer vaccines show promise in preventing tumors, particularly those caused by viruses like HPV and HBV. Ongoing research explores new preventive strategies and aims to maximize the benefits of cancer vaccines.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Immunology
- Vaccinology
Background:
- Cancer immunoprevention is a significant global health concern.
- Decades of research aim to develop effective cancer vaccines.
- Current vaccines excel at cancer prevention rather than treatment.
Purpose of the Study:
- Review approved preventive cancer vaccines.
- Discuss challenges and ongoing clinical trials.
- Address strategies to maximize cancer vaccine efficacy.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of approved cancer vaccines.
- Analysis of preclinical and clinical trial data.
- Discussion of challenges in cancer vaccine development.
Main Results:
- Vaccines targeting oncogenic viruses (HPV, HBV) are highly effective in preventing associated cancers.
- Preventive vaccines targeting nonviral antigens (tumor-associated antigens, neoantigens) are under extensive investigation.
- Significant progress has been made in cancer prevention via vaccination.
Conclusions:
- Preventive cancer vaccines, especially those against viral oncogenesis, represent a major public health success.
- Further research and clinical trials are crucial for expanding the role of cancer vaccines.
- Optimizing vaccine strategies is key to overcoming challenges and maximizing patient benefit.
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