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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:17

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The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
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Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Screening of Axonal Degeneration in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Using Ultrasonography and Nerve Conduction Studies
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Carpal Arch Changes in Response to Thenar Muscle Loading.

Hui Zhang1, Jeremy Loss2, Zong-Ming Li3

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hand Research Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724; Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115.

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
|May 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Thenar muscles like the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and opponens pollicis (OPP) significantly increase carpal arch height and area. Specific muscle combinations, particularly those involving APB, demonstrated the most pronounced biomechanical effects on the transverse carpal ligament.

Keywords:
biomechanical interactioncarpal archthenar musclestransverse carpal ligamentultrasound imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Anatomy
  • Hand Surgery

Background:

  • The transverse carpal ligament forms the carpal arch, crucial for hand function.
  • Understanding the biomechanical influence of thenar muscles on this structure is vital for diagnosing and treating conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the biomechanical effects of individual and combined thenar muscles on the carpal arch height and area.
  • To determine how forces from the abductor pollicis brevis (APB), superficial head of flexor pollicis brevis (sFPB), and opponens pollicis (OPP) impact the transverse carpal ligament.

Main Methods:

  • Ten cadaveric hands were used to analyze morphometric changes in the carpal arch.
  • Thenar muscles were subjected to 15% of their maximal force capacity.
  • Ultrasound imaging of the distal carpal tunnel was employed to measure changes in carpal arch dimensions.

Main Results:

  • Carpal arch height and area were significantly influenced by loading conditions, muscle combinations, and their interaction.
  • Loading with APB, OPP, APB-sFPB, APB-OPP, or APB-sFPB-OPP combinations led to significant increases in arch height and area.
  • The sFPB and sFPB-OPP combinations did not produce significant changes in carpal arch dimensions.

Conclusions:

  • Thenar muscle forces exert significant biomechanical effects on the transverse carpal ligament, increasing carpal arch height and area.
  • The magnitude of these changes varies depending on the specific muscles and their combinations involved.
  • These findings offer insights into the complex biomechanics of the carpal tunnel and the role of thenar muscles in its structural integrity.