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Related Concept Videos

Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques01:08

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques

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Accurate analysis of complex samples often requires advanced preparation techniques to achieve reliable and reproducible results. Samples containing inorganic or organic materials can be challenging to dissolve or decompose effectively. Standard sample preparation methods include acid digestion, fusion, dry ashing, and wet digestion.
Acid digestion with strong acids is commonly used to dissolve inorganic materials that are insoluble (do not dissolve) in water. This method can be useful for...
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Sample Preparation for Analysis: Overview01:21

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Overview

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Sample preparation is an essential step in the analytical process. It involves preparing a sample so that it can be analyzed accurately. The goal is to extract the analyte, the substance you want to measure, from the sample while removing any components that may interfere with the analysis. Sample preparation techniques vary depending on the physical state of the sample.
Bulk or large solid samples are typically reduced in size using grinding, crushing, or milling techniques to increase the...
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Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

773
Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Updated: Nov 6, 2025

Fabrication of a Dipole-assisted Solid Phase Extraction Microchip for Trace Metal Analysis in Water Samples
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Development of a maleic acid-based material to selectively solid-phase extract basic compounds from environmental

N Fontanals1, J Zohar2, F Borrull1

  • 1Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel•lí Domingo, 1, Campus Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.

Journal of Chromatography. A
|May 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new mixed-mode weak cation-exchange material for solid-phase extraction. This novel material effectively quantifies basic drugs in environmental water samples using liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry.

Keywords:
Environmental samplesMaleic acidMesoporous sorbentPharmaceuticalsSolid-phase extractionWeak cation-exchange interactions

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Environmental water analysis requires selective and efficient extraction methods for trace contaminants.
  • Existing solid-phase extraction (SPE) materials may lack the necessary selectivity for complex matrices.
  • Development of novel sorbent materials is crucial for improving analytical capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a novel mixed-mode weak cation-exchange (WCX) material.
  • To optimize an SPE protocol using the new material for drug analysis in environmental water.
  • To validate and apply the developed method for determining basic drugs in various water samples.

Main Methods:

  • Functionalization of mesoporous divinylbenzene (DVB) resin with maleic acid to create maleic acid-DVB.
  • Optimization of SPE protocol for enhanced sorbent selectivity.
  • Analysis using liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with an Orbitrap analyzer.

Main Results:

  • The maleic acid-DVB sorbent demonstrated effective WCX and reversed-phase interactions.
  • Optimized SPE protocol achieved suitable recovery rates (57%–89%) and acceptable matrix effects (<32%).
  • The method successfully quantified basic drugs in river, effluent, and influent wastewater samples.

Conclusions:

  • The novel maleic acid-DVB material is a promising WCX sorbent for SPE.
  • The developed LC-HRMS method is validated and suitable for determining basic drugs in environmental waters.
  • This approach enhances the ability to monitor pharmaceutical pollutants in aquatic environments.