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Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
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Floating particles with high copper concentration in the sea-surface microlayer.

Hideo Okamura1,2, Kenta Kano3, Chee Kong Yap4

  • 1Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University, Fukaeminami 5-1-1 Higashinada, Kobe, 658-0022, Japan. okamurah@maritime.kobe-u.ac.jp.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
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PubMed
Summary

Suspended particles in the sea-surface microlayer (S-SML) can contain high copper (Cu) concentrations, potentially from ship antifouling paints. These levels in a ship mooring pond were significantly higher than in open ocean seawater.

Keywords:
Antifouling agentsCopperParticulate matterSurface microlayerSuspended matter

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Marine Science
  • Oceanography

Background:

  • The sea-surface microlayer (S-SML) is a critical interface for air-sea exchange.
  • Understanding the composition of S-SML particles is vital for assessing marine pollution.
  • Copper (Cu) is a common pollutant, particularly associated with anthropogenic activities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if suspended particles in the S-SML harbor elevated concentrations of copper (Cu).
  • To quantify particulate Cu (P-Cu) in the S-SML and compare it to bulk seawater and other marine environments.
  • To investigate the origin of high P-Cu concentrations, distinguishing between biotic and abiotic sources.

Main Methods:

  • Collection of suspended particles (10-2000 μm) from the S-SML in a ship mooring pond over a three-year period (2018-2020).
  • Measurement of acid-soluble Cu concentration in collected particles, reported as particulate Cu (P-Cu).
  • Analysis of P-Cu concentrations and the ratio of abiotic P-Cu to total P-Cu.

Main Results:

  • The highest P-Cu concentration recorded in the S-SML was 75 μg L⁻¹, with a 90th percentile of 2.5 μg L⁻¹.
  • P-Cu levels in the S-SML were 140 times higher than those found in the Atlantic Ocean's bulk seawater.
  • The highest abiotic P-Cu concentration was 17 μg L⁻¹, with the abiotic to total P-Cu ratio highly variable (0.2-100%).

Conclusions:

  • The S-SML can accumulate suspended particles with significantly elevated P-Cu concentrations.
  • Anthropogenic sources, likely ship antifouling paints, are the probable origin of high P-Cu in the studied S-SML.
  • The variability in abiotic P-Cu suggests a strong influence of biogenic material on particle composition in the S-SML.