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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Microscopy Techniques01:22

Overview of Microscopy Techniques

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The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes that leveraged nonvisible light, such as fluorescence microscopy that uses an ultraviolet light source and electron microscopy that uses short-wavelength electron beams. These advances significantly improved magnification, image resolution, and contrast. By comparison, the...
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Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (SRFM) provides a better resolution than conventional fluorescence microscopy by reducing the point spread function (PSF). PSF is the light intensity distribution from a point that causes it to appear blurred. Due to PSF, each fluorescing point appears bigger than its actual size, and it is the PSF interference of nearby fluorophores that causes the blurred image. Various approaches to achieving higher resolution through SRFM have recently been...
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Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
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Overview of Electron Microscopy01:25

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The wavelengths of visible light ultimately limit the maximum theoretical resolution of images created by light microscopes. Most light microscopes can only magnify 1000X, and a few can magnify up to 1500X. Electrons, like electromagnetic radiation, can behave like waves, but with wavelengths of 0.005 nm, they produce significantly greater resolution up to 0.05 nm as compared to 500 nm for visible light. An electron microscope (EM) can create a sharp image that is magnified up to 2,000,000X.
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Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 6, 2025

High Resolution 3D Imaging of Ex-Vivo Biological Samples by Micro CT
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Upscaling X-ray nanoimaging to macroscopic specimens.

Ming Du1, Zichao Wendy Di1,2, Doǧa Gürsoy1,3

  • 1Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.

Journal of Applied Crystallography
|May 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary

X-ray nanoimaging can now be scaled to macroscopic specimens, significantly reducing imaging time for large samples like whole mouse brains from years to just one week.

Keywords:
X-ray microscopyphase contrast X-ray imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Biology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Scaling X-ray nanoimaging to macroscopic specimens presents challenges across multiple length scales.
  • Previous research has explored proof-of-principle examples in specimen preparation and data acquisition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate the feasibility and time required for upscaling X-ray nanoimaging to macroscopic samples.
  • To assess the potential of X-ray microscopy for large-scale connectomics studies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a phase contrast imaging model incorporating plural scattering effects to calculate exposure and radiation dose.
  • Considered coherent X-ray flux from future diffraction-limited light sources.
  • Applied imaging time estimation to whole mouse brain connectomes.

Main Results:

  • Optimized X-ray microscopy could image a whole mouse brain connectome in one week, compared to years with electron microscopy.
  • Identified necessary technical advancements, including higher X-ray detector frame rates.
  • Highlighted the potential of AI-driven 'smart' scanning for optimized data acquisition.

Conclusions:

  • X-ray microscopy is a viable technique for nanoimaging of millimeter- to centimeter-sized specimens.
  • Significant technical advancements are required but achievable.
  • This approach offers a transformative potential for large-scale biological and material science investigations.