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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 6, 2025

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Interacting brains coming in sync through their minds: an interbrain neurofeedback study.

Viktor Müller1, Dionysios Perdikis1,2, Melinda A Mende1,3

  • 1Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.

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|May 6, 2021
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Summary

Participants can enhance interbrain synchronization (IBS) using neurofeedback (NFB), particularly at theta frequencies. This research explores the functional role of IBS in coordinating actions and understanding social interaction mechanisms.

Keywords:
interbrain synchronyinterpersonal neurofeedbackpower spectral densitysocial interactionsubjective feeling and appraisal

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Social Interaction Research

Background:

  • Interpersonal action coordination is linked to interbrain synchronization (IBS).
  • The functional significance of IBS in social coordination remains largely unexplored.
  • Neurofeedback (NFB) offers a potential tool to investigate neural processes like IBS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if interbrain synchronization (IBS) can be modulated using neurofeedback (NFB).
  • To explore the impact of different NFB designs and frequencies on IBS.
  • To investigate the relationship between modulated IBS and subjective experiences during social interaction.

Main Methods:

  • Two experimental designs (ball and pendulum) were used to provide NFB.
  • NFB was delivered at delta (2.5 Hz) and theta (5 Hz) electroencephalography frequencies.
  • Participants received enhanced or inverse feedback to modulate their brain activity and synchronization.

Main Results:

  • Participants successfully increased interbrain synchronization (IBS) via neurofeedback (NFB).
  • Theta frequency NFB was particularly effective in enhancing IBS.
  • Changes in oscillatory activity and their correlation with subjective reports were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Neurofeedback (NFB) can effectively modulate interbrain synchronization (IBS).
  • Investigating IBS with NFB can clarify its role in interpersonal action coordination.
  • This approach provides insights into neural mechanisms underlying social interaction and causality in IBS.