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Related Concept Videos

Motor Units01:13

Motor Units

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The motor unit is a fundamental component of the neuromuscular system and plays a crucial role in coordinating muscle contractions. It consists of a somatic motor neuron, which connects and controls multiple skeletal muscle fibers, forming a single functional segment. The axon of the motor neuron branches out and establishes synaptic connections known as neuromuscular junctions with individual muscle fibers within the motor unit.
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Skeletal muscles continuously produce ATP to provide the energy that enables muscle contractions. Skeletal muscle fibers can be categorized into three types based on differences in their contraction speed and how they produce ATP, as well as physical differences related to these factors. Most human muscles contain all three muscle fiber types, albeit in varying proportions.
Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers
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The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.
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The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
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The naming of the approximately 700 muscles in the human body is based on a set of criteria designed to provide descriptive information about each muscle, making it easier to identify and remember them.
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Microtubule Associated Motor Proteins01:32

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Eukaryotic cells have different motor proteins for transporting various cargo within the cell. These motor proteins differ based on the filament they associate with, the direction they move within the cell, and the type of cargo they transport. Motor proteins that associate with microtubules are known as microtubule-associated motor proteins. There are two families of microtubule-associated motor proteins —Kinesins and Dyneins. Both these proteins assist in the transport of cellular...
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Functional motor phenotypes: to lump or to split?

Michele Tinazzi1, Christian Geroin2, Enrico Marcuzzo3

  • 1Neurology Unit, Movement Disorders Division, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, P.le Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy. michele.tinazzi@univr.it.

Journal of Neurology
|May 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Functional motor disorders (FMDs) show significant overlap across phenotypes, suggesting they may represent variations of the same underlying condition. This research explored distinct FMD presentations to understand their relationships.

Keywords:
Functional dystoniaFunctional neurological disordersFunctional tremorFunctional weaknessNon-motor featuresPsychogenic movement disorders

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Functional motor disorders (FMDs) are typically classified by their observable symptoms.
  • The relationship between FMD phenotypes and their underlying pathophysiology remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether different FMD phenotypes represent distinct conditions or shared expressions of a single disorder.
  • To compare characteristics of patients with isolated FMD phenotypes, excluding those with co-morbid neurological disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Data from 176 consecutive outpatients with isolated FMDs were extracted from the Italian Registry of Functional Motor Disorders (IRFMD).
  • Patients were categorized by predominant FMD phenotype: weakness, tremor, dystonia, jerks/facial FMDs, and gait disorders.

Main Results:

  • Patients with tremor and gait disorders were older on average.
  • Functional weakness presentation was associated with acute onset and shorter diagnostic delays.
  • Associated sensory symptoms were more common in functional weakness, while pain was more frequent in dystonia.

Conclusions:

  • The findings indicate a substantial overlap among various functional motor disorder phenotypes.
  • This suggests that current phenotypic classifications may not fully capture the distinct pathophysiological underpinnings of FMDs.