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Updated: Nov 6, 2025

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Bekenstein-Hod Universal Bound on Information Emission Rate Is Obeyed by LIGO-Virgo Binary Black Hole Remnants
Gregorio Carullo1,2, Danny Laghi1,2, John Veitch3
1Dipartimento di Fisica "Enrico Fermi," Università di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy.
Abstract:
Causality and the generalized laws of black hole thermodynamics imply a bound, known as the Bekenstein-Hod universal bound, on the information emission rate of a perturbed system. Using a time-domain ringdown analysis, we investigate whether remnant black holes produced by the coalescences observed by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo obey this bound. We find that the bound is verified by the astrophysical black hole population with 94% probability, providing a first confirmation of the Bekenstein-Hod bound from black hole systems.
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