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Related Concept Videos

Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies

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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Coronary Artery Disease IV: Preventive Measures01:26

Coronary Artery Disease IV: Preventive Measures

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Effective preventive measures for coronary artery disease (CAD) focus on controlling modifiable risk factors, including cholesterol abnormalities and lifestyle changes.Cholesterol ManagementFirst, the Mediterranean diet and the American Heart Association advocate for maintaining low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels below 100 mg/dL, with a more stringent recommendation of below 70 mg/dL for individuals at high risk. LDL cholesterol, often termed "bad cholesterol," can lead to the...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:19

Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

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The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System III: Serum Lipid Profile01:25

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System III: Serum Lipid Profile

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Understanding serum lipids is crucial for maintaining cardiovascular health and preventing heart disease and stroke.
Serum lipids are fats and fatty substances in the blood and are crucial for various bodily functions, including energy storage, cellular structure, and hormone production. Serum lipids consist of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids.
Cholesterol is a soft, fat-like substance found in all body cells. It is crucial for producing hormones, vitamin D, and substances that aid...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome I: Introduction01:30

Acute Coronary Syndrome I: Introduction

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Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) encompasses a spectrum of heart conditions caused by sudden obstruction of coronary arteries, typically resulting from the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombus (blood clot) formation. This obstruction can lead to partial or complete blockage of blood flow, causing varying degrees of myocardial ischemia or infarction.ACS includes the following clinical entities:Unstable Angina (UA)Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)ST-Elevation...
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Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Updated: Nov 6, 2025

Cell-free Biochemical Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for High-throughput Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation in High Density Lipoprotein
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Sex and Racial Differences in High-Density Lipoprotein Levels in Acute Coronary Syndromes.

Asuka Ozaki1, Katia Bravo-Jaimes2, Carmen Smotherman3

  • 1Cardiovascular Therapeutic Lead Diabetes & Cardiovascular Medical Operations, Sanofi KK, Tokyo, Japan.

The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
|May 7, 2021
PubMed
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Women and Black individuals with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) showed higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. These findings suggest potential differences in cardiovascular risk assessment across demographics.

Keywords:
Acute coronary syndromeHigh density lipoproteinRaceSex

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Health Disparities

Background:

  • Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) represent a critical area of cardiovascular research.
  • Understanding demographic variations in lipid profiles, specifically high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), is crucial for effective patient management.
  • Previous research has not fully elucidated sex and racial differences in HDL-C levels among ACS patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and compare high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels between different sexes and racial groups in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes (ACS).
  • To identify demographic factors associated with variations in HDL-C levels within the ACS population.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 614 patients with ACS from 2009-2012.
  • Collection of detailed medical histories and measurement of HDL-C levels within 72 hours of presentation.
  • Statistical analysis including Pearson chi-square, Wilcoxon rank sum tests, and analysis of variance to identify independent predictors of HDL-C levels.

Main Results:

  • Women and Black patients were more likely to be older, diabetic, and have higher body mass index compared to men and White patients, respectively.
  • After adjusting for clinical factors, female sex, Black race, absence of coronary artery disease (CAD), and absence of diabetes were independently associated with higher HDL-C levels.
  • Higher HDL-C levels (> 40 mg/dL) were observed more frequently in women and Black individuals with ACS.

Conclusions:

  • Women and Black individuals with ACS exhibit higher HDL-C levels, which are generally considered cardio-protective.
  • Sex-based differences in HDL-C were significant in White patients but not in Black patients.
  • Further research is warranted to explore the clinical relevance and quality of HDL-C in different racial groups for accurate guideline interpretation.