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Space travel impacts astronauts physically and mentally due to microgravity and radiation. This review examines physiological and cognitive impairments from spaceflight conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Space Medicine
  • Human Physiology
  • Astrobiology

Background:

  • Space travel presents extreme physiological and psychological challenges for astronauts.
  • Microgravity and radiation exposure in space induce significant changes in the human body.
  • International Space Station missions highlight the strain on astronaut health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent studies on human body damage caused by spaceflight.
  • To analyze the effects of microgravity and radiation on astronauts.
  • To explore psychological stressors and nutritional deficiencies impacting astronaut health.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific studies.
  • Analysis of physiological changes in astronauts.
  • Examination of molecular and cellular alterations due to space environment.

Main Results:

  • Space travel causes significant physiological changes, particularly affecting muscular, cardiovascular, and bone systems.
  • Astronauts experience psychological stress from confinement, social deprivation, and lifestyle adaptation.
  • Nutritional deficiencies and associated molecular changes contribute to physiological and cognitive impairment.

Conclusions:

  • The space environment poses unique challenges, distinct from Earth's evolutionary pressures.
  • Microgravity, radiation, psychological stress, and nutritional factors collectively impact astronaut health.
  • Understanding these effects is crucial for mitigating risks in future space exploration.