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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...
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Management of atherosclerosis involves an integrated strategy encompassing pharmacological treatment, surgical interventions, lifestyle changes, and nutrition therapy to address the multifactorial nature of the disease.Pharmacological TherapyA cornerstone of atherosclerosis management is the use of pharmacological agents. Statins, such as atorvastatin, are pivotal in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes an initial step in cholesterol synthesis in the liver. This reduction in...
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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder that leads to the thickening and narrowing of arterial walls due to plaque buildup. This condition can cause various symptoms depending on the arteries affected:Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This condition affects the coronary arteries and may lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath (dyspnea), heart attacks, and other heart disease symptoms.Cerebrovascular Disease: This affects blood flow to the brain, causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)...
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Apolipoprotein E and Atherosclerosis.

A D Marais1

  • 1Division of Chemical Pathology, Pathology Department, University of Cape Town Health Science Faculty, Anzio Rd, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa. david.marais@uct.ac.za.

Current Atherosclerosis Reports
|May 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genetic variations significantly impact lipoprotein metabolism, influencing cardiovascular health and diseases like dysbetalipoproteinemia. Understanding APOE

Keywords:
Apolipoprotein EAtherosclerosisDysbetalipoproteinemiaDyslipidemia

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Area of Science:

  • Lipidology
  • Genetics
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Apolipoprotein E (APOE) plays a crucial role in lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular health.
  • APOE genetic variations are linked to various dyslipidemias, including dysbetalipoproteinemia and moderate dyslipidemia.
  • APOE influences inflammation and has implications for cognitive function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the functions, genetic variations, and clinical impact of apolipoprotein E on lipoprotein metabolism.
  • To contextualize APOE's role in clinical practice for dyslipidemias and related disorders.
  • To explore the association of APOE with atherosclerosis, inflammation, and cognitive impairment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on apolipoprotein E functions, genetic variations, and clinical implications.
  • Analysis of studies investigating APOE's role in lipoprotein metabolism, dyslipidemias, and atherosclerosis.
  • Examination of research on APOE variants, inflammation, and cognitive function.

Main Results:

  • APOE genetic variations significantly affect lipoprotein metabolism and lipid profiles.
  • APOE2 generally has favorable effects, while APOE4 is atherogenic and associated with cognitive impairment.
  • Dysbetalipoproteinemia, an extreme form of remnant lipoprotein accumulation, is linked to atherosclerosis and glomerulopathy.

Conclusions:

  • Apolipoprotein E is a key determinant of lipid profiles and cardiovascular health.
  • Understanding APOE polymorphisms can enhance medical care for patients with dyslipidemias and related conditions.
  • Mimetic peptides targeting APOE pathways may offer novel therapeutic strategies.