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Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced...
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A drug interaction occurs when the concurrent use of another drug, food, or an external substance alters the pharmacological activity of a drug. This interaction can modify the action of the original drug, affecting its effectiveness and safety.Drug–food interactions are significant as they impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion. For example, grapefruit juice is a well-known disruptor of drug metabolism. It inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, crucial for the metabolism of...
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Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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Consuming animal-based products offers high-quality proteins that contain optimal levels and combinations of essential amino acids, crucial for tissue repair and growth. Foods like eggs, milk, fish, and most meats are a source of complete proteins. Legumes and cereals are abundant in proteins; however, they typically lack a full range of essential amino acids. As a result, they are considered incomplete protein sources. Some plant sources like soybeans, quinoa, and amaranth do contain complete...
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Lipids are an essential component of a balanced human diet. Triglycerides, which make up the majority of dietary lipids, are found in both saturated fats—commonly present in meat, dairy products, and certain tropical plants like coconut, and hydrogenated oils such as margarine and baking shortenings (trans fats)—and unsaturated fats, which are abundant in seeds, nuts, olive oil, and most vegetable oils. The main sources of cholesterol include egg yolks, various meats and organ...
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Dietary Supplements for COVID-19.

Gerard E Mullin1,2, Berkeley Limektkai3, Lin Wang4

  • 1The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. gmullin1@jhmi.edu.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|May 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This review explores the potential benefits of immune-modulating dietary supplements like vitamin D, ascorbic acid, zinc, and melatonin for COVID-19. It highlights their biological plausibility and ongoing clinical trials for treating the novel coronavirus.

Keywords:
COVID-19Cytokine stormInflammasomeMelatoninSARS-CoV-2Vitamin CVitamin DZinc

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic causing severe respiratory illness.
  • Current treatments are limited, and no vaccines are available for primary prevention.
  • The pathogenesis involves an inflammatory cytokine storm, making immune modulation a potential therapeutic target.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review commonly used immune-modulating dietary supplements for their potential benefits against COVID-19.
  • To highlight the biological plausibility of supplements such as vitamin D, ascorbic acid, zinc, and melatonin.
  • To provide information on ongoing clinical trials for these supplements.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific studies on vitamin D, ascorbic acid, zinc, and melatonin.
  • Analysis of biological mechanisms for immune modulation relevant to COVID-19.
  • Compilation of data on ongoing clinical trials for these supplements.

Main Results:

  • Several dietary supplements, including vitamin D, ascorbic acid, zinc, and melatonin, show biological plausibility for mitigating COVID-19.
  • These supplements modulate immune responses and possess antioxidant properties.
  • Numerous clinical trials are investigating their efficacy and safety in COVID-19 patients.

Conclusions:

  • Dietary supplements like vitamin D, ascorbic acid, zinc, and melatonin warrant further investigation for their role in managing COVID-19.
  • Their immune-modulating and anti-inflammatory properties present a potential therapeutic avenue.
  • Ongoing clinical trials will provide crucial data on their effectiveness.