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Computed Tomography

Computed Tomography

Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 6, 2025

Protocol for the Evaluation of MRI Artifacts Caused by Metal Implants to Assess the Suitability of Implants and the Vulnerability of Pulse Sequences

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Photon-counting normalized metal artifact reduction (NMAR) in diagnostic CT.

Achim Byl^1,2, Laura Klein^1,2, Stefan Sawall^1,3

¹Division of X-Ray Imaging and CT, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.

Medical Physics

|May 11, 2021

Summary

Photon-counting CT metal artifact reduction (PCNMAR) effectively reduces artifacts using spectral information. This new method improves accuracy in metal-containing areas compared to existing techniques.

Keywords:

computed tomography metal artifact reduction photon-counting CT

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X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging

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Last Updated: Nov 6, 2025

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X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging

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Published on: September 11, 2011

Area of Science:

Medical Imaging
Radiology
Computational Imaging

Background:

Metal artifacts significantly degrade computed tomography (CT) image quality, limiting diagnostic value.
Existing metal artifact reduction algorithms struggle to completely remove these artifacts.
Photon-counting CT (PCCT) offers inherent spectral information, similar to dual-energy CT, for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel prior-based metal artifact reduction method specifically for PCCT.
To leverage PCCT's spectral information for enhanced artifact correction.
To correct artifact-affected bin images individually or in combination.

Main Methods:

Utilized spectral information from PCCT's energy-sorted bins to generate an improved prior image.
Applied a non-linear transformation to bin images to create bone-emphasized images.
Developed photon-counting normalized metal artifact reduction (PCNMAR) by combining reconstructed sinograms and applying FSNMAR to corrected bin images.

Main Results:

PCNMAR effectively reduced metal artifacts without compromising overall image quality.
The method generated fewer secondary artifacts and showed better consistency than conventional FSNMAR.
Significant reduction (over 50%) in artifact region standard deviation was observed, with comparable Contrast-to-Noise Ratio (CNR) values.

Conclusions:

PCNMAR is a highly effective technique for metal artifact reduction in PCCT.
The spectral data from PCCT, particularly high-energy bins, is crucial for superior artifact reduction.
Utilizing multiple energy bins offers flexibility in threshold selection without significantly impacting artifact reduction performance.