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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 6, 2025

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation
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Mechanisms of exTreg induction.

Vikas Saxena1,2, Ram Lakhan1,2, Jegan Iyyathurai1,2

  • 1Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

European Journal of Immunology
|May 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial for immune balance. This review explores the transition of Tregs to exTregs, identifying key factors and their role in disease.

Keywords:
Regulatory T cells ⋅ exTregs ⋅ exFoxp3 ⋅ Treg plasticity ⋅ Treg stability

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain immune homeostasis and self-tolerance.
  • Under inflammatory conditions, Tregs can convert into CD4+ CD25low Foxp3low cells, known as exTregs.
  • The precise molecular mechanisms governing Treg to exTreg transition are not fully elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review known markers of Tregs and exTregs.
  • To summarize factors influencing exTreg generation, including cytokines, signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic mechanisms.
  • To identify the presence and sources of exTregs in various disease contexts.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on Treg and exTreg biology.
  • Analysis of molecular markers and regulatory mechanisms involved in Treg differentiation and plasticity.
  • Compilation of evidence for exTreg involvement in different diseases.

Main Results:

  • Tregs are stable under homeostatic conditions but plastic in inflammatory environments.
  • Several factors, including specific cytokines and signaling pathways, are implicated in Treg conversion to exTregs.
  • ExTregs have been detected in a range of diseases, suggesting their functional relevance.

Conclusions:

  • A deeper understanding of Treg plasticity and exTreg generation is essential.
  • Identifying reliable markers for Treg subsets is crucial for accurate research.
  • Elucidating exTreg biology may pave the way for novel Treg-based immunotherapies.