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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Catalytically Perfect Enzymes01:07

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

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The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.
 
Most enzymes...
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Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis01:13

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

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For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
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Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency01:19

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

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The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
Chymotrypsin is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins during digestion....
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Introduction to Enzymes01:22

Introduction to Enzymes

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The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Wilhelm Kuhne coined the term 'enzyme' in 1877 from the Greek words ‘en’ meaning ‘in’ or ‘within’ and ‘zyme’ meaning ‘yeast.’
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High-entropy materials for catalysis: A new frontier.

Yifan Sun1, Sheng Dai2,3

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-entropy materials (HEMs) leverage configurational entropy for advanced catalysis. This review explores HEM design and applications, highlighting their potential to overcome challenges in traditional catalytic systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Entropy significantly influences reaction pathways in molecular catalysis.
  • Entropic effects on catalyst surfaces are complex and understudied.
  • High-entropy materials (HEMs) offer novel platforms for exploring entropic effects in catalysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the discovery and design of HEMs for catalytic applications.
  • To highlight the correlation between compositional/structural engineering and catalytic performance in HEMs.
  • To explore the potential of HEMs in addressing challenges in conventional catalytic systems.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent progress in HEMs for catalysis.
  • Analysis of compositional and structural engineering strategies for HEMs.
  • Examination of catalytic behaviors in high-entropy alloys, oxides, and other HEMs.

Main Results:

  • HEMs provide enhanced configurational entropy for tailoring material properties.
  • Compositional and structural tuning of HEMs optimizes catalytic behaviors.
  • HEMs offer solutions for complex catalytic challenges unmet by simple systems.

Conclusions:

  • HEMs represent a promising frontier for developing next-generation catalysts.
  • Tailoring the composition and configuration of HEMs unlocks new catalytic possibilities.
  • Further research into HEMs can resolve long-standing issues in catalysis.