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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Opportunities and challenges in translational science.

Christopher P Austin1

  • 1National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

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|May 13, 2021
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Summary

Translational science accelerates the development of health interventions. The National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) has driven significant progress in its first decade, paving the way for future research.

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Area of Science:

  • Translational science focuses on improving human health interventions.
  • A key area of biomedical research and public health.

Background:

  • The National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) was established 10 years ago.
  • NCATS aims to enhance the predictivity and efficiency of health intervention development and dissemination.

Observation:

  • The first decade of NCATS has seen considerable advancements.
  • Progress spans diagnostic and drug development, clinical trials, implementation science, and education.

Findings:

  • Review of the origins and progress of translational science.
  • Identification of key advances in the field over the past decade.

Implications:

  • Establishes a foundation for future research in translational science.
  • Outlines an ambitious research agenda to further improve human health outcomes.