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Related Concept Videos

Gauss's Law: Planar Symmetry01:27

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A planar symmetry of charge density is obtained when charges are uniformly spread over a large flat surface. In planar symmetry, all points in a plane parallel to the plane of charge are identical with respect to the charges. Suppose the plane of the charge distribution is the xy-plane, and the electric field at a space point P with coordinates (x, y, z) is to be determined. Since the charge density is the same at all (x, y) - coordinates in the z = 0 plane, by symmetry, the electric field at P...
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A charge distribution has cylindrical symmetry if the charge density depends only upon the distance from the axis of the cylinder and does not vary along the axis or with the direction about the axis. In other words, if a system varies if it is rotated around the axis or shifted along the axis, it does not have cylindrical symmetry. In real systems, we do not have infinite cylinders; however, if the cylindrical object is considerably longer than the radius from it that we are interested in,...
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Gauss's Law: Spherical Symmetry01:26

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A charge distribution has spherical symmetry if the density of charge depends only on the distance from a point in space and not on the direction. In other words, if the system is rotated, it doesn't look different. For instance, if a sphere of radius R is uniformly charged with charge density ρ0, then the distribution has spherical symmetry. On the other hand, if a sphere of radius R is charged so that the top half of the sphere has a uniform charge density ρ1 and the bottom half has a...
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Spherical coordinate systems are preferred over Cartesian, polar, or cylindrical coordinates for systems with spherical symmetry. For example, to describe the surface of a sphere, Cartesian coordinates require all three coordinates. On the other hand, the spherical coordinate system requires only one parameter: the sphere's radius. As a result, the complicated mathematical calculations become simple. Spherical coordinates are used in science and engineering applications like electric and...
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In polar coordinates, the motion of a particle follows a curvilinear path. The radial coordinate symbolized as 'r,' extends outward from a fixed origin to the particle, while the angular coordinate, 'θ,' measured in radians, represents the counterclockwise angle between a fixed reference line and the radial line connecting the origin to the particle.
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Updated: Nov 5, 2025

Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy DIHM of Weakly-scattering Subjects
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Spatial coherence in 2D holography.

Aaron V Diebold, John B Pendry, Alberto Favaro

    Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision
    |May 13, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Investigating holographic imaging, this study finds incoherent illumination offers robust performance, avoiding diffraction artifacts but adding background noise. This noise impacts image sensitivity, especially in larger images.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Electromagnetics
    • Metasurface Applications

    Background:

    • Holography encodes spatial information using light-based interference patterns.
    • Illumination coherence properties significantly influence holographic imaging system performance.
    • Understanding these properties is crucial for optimizing holographic techniques.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the impact of spatial coherence on holographic imaging.
    • To evaluate the trade-offs between different illumination types.
    • To demonstrate a practical holographic imaging system using specific technologies.

    Main Methods:

    • Point spread function (PSF) and Fourier domain analysis were employed.
    • Numerical simulations were conducted to validate findings.
    • A 2D holographic imaging system was experimentally realized.

    Main Results:

    • Incoherent illumination yields robust imaging, free from diffraction artifacts.
    • Incoherent illumination introduces background noise, reducing phase retrieval capabilities.
    • Increased image size exacerbates background noise, decreasing image sensitivity.

    Conclusions:

    • Spatial coherence is a critical factor in holographic imaging system design.
    • Incoherent illumination provides a robust alternative for specific applications, despite noise limitations.
    • The demonstrated lensless microwave holographic system showcases practical implementation possibilities.