Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

4.2K
Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
4.2K
Feedback Loops01:01

Feedback Loops

61.2K
In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.
61.2K
Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

5.0K
Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral...
5.0K
Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

3.5K
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
3.5K
Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

45.4K
Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
45.4K
Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

34.7K
The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
34.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Isolated Regional Nodal Recurrence after Primary Breast Cancer: Risk Factors and Survival by Mode of Detection.

Journal of breast cancer·2026
Same author

Response-Adapted Surgery for Residual Calcifications in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.

Journal of breast cancer·2026
Same author

Early Oncologic Outcomes of Robot-Assisted Versus Conventional Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy: A Propensity Score-Matching Analysis.

Annals of surgical oncology·2026
Same author

Prognostic factors and the role of GnRHa in premenopausal HR+/HER2+ breast cancer achieving pathologic complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology·2026
Same author

Independent prognostic value of the gene-only BCT Score compared with the 21-gene recurrence score in ER+/HER2- early breast cancer.

Frontiers in oncology·2026
Same author

Association between asymptomatic detection of distant metastases and survival in breast cancer: a retrospective cohort study.

BMC women's health·2026
Same journal

Peptidomics in the Spotlight: Advanced Sample Treatment Techniques and Analytical Insights.

Advances in experimental medicine and biology·2026
Same journal

Methods for the Investigation of Protein-Ligands Interactions.

Advances in experimental medicine and biology·2026
Same journal

Sample Preparation Strategies for Microbial Cell Surface Proteomics: Integrating Shaving and Shotgun Approaches.

Advances in experimental medicine and biology·2026
Same journal

Proteomic Sample Preparation for the Petroleum Industry: A Biocorrosion Case Study.

Advances in experimental medicine and biology·2026
Same journal

Proteomic and Functional Comparison of Extracellular Vesicles from Wild-Type and Lyn-Deficient Stromal Cells.

Advances in experimental medicine and biology·2026
Same journal

Proteomic Analysis of Histone Sequence Variants and Post-translationally Modified Forms.

Advances in experimental medicine and biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 5, 2025

Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms
08:46

Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms

Published on: December 9, 2015

10.8K

Hormone Resistance.

Jonghan Yu1,2

  • 1Breast Division, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea. Jonghanyu@gmail.com.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|May 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hormone therapy resistance in breast cancer is common. Young women under 35 with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer show poorer outcomes and less response to treatment, indicating unique resistance mechanisms.

Keywords:
AgeBreast neoplasmHormonesResistanceYoung

More Related Videos

Prostate Organoid Cultures as Tools to Translate Genotypes and Mutational Profiles to Pharmacological Responses
08:36

Prostate Organoid Cultures as Tools to Translate Genotypes and Mutational Profiles to Pharmacological Responses

Published on: October 24, 2019

11.4K
An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast
12:31

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

Published on: January 8, 2015

11.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 5, 2025

Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms
08:46

Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms

Published on: December 9, 2015

10.8K
Prostate Organoid Cultures as Tools to Translate Genotypes and Mutational Profiles to Pharmacological Responses
08:36

Prostate Organoid Cultures as Tools to Translate Genotypes and Mutational Profiles to Pharmacological Responses

Published on: October 24, 2019

11.4K
An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast
12:31

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

Published on: January 8, 2015

11.7K

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Hormone therapy is crucial for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, yet resistance remains a significant clinical challenge.
  • Mechanisms of resistance involve estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) alterations, co-factor changes, and activation of growth pathways like PI3K/Akt/mTOR and cell cycle pathways.
  • Emerging therapies include selective estrogen receptor down-regulators, CDK 4/6 inhibitors, PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors, and HDAC inhibitors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate endocrine resistance in young breast cancer patients (under 35 years old).
  • To identify specific mechanisms of endocrine resistance in this demographic.
  • To explore potential therapeutic strategies and clinical trial designs for overcoming resistance in young women.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of single-center data and Korean Breast Cancer Registry data.
  • Gene expression profiling in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in very young patients (<35) compared to premenopausal women in their forties.
  • Review of existing clinical studies and trials investigating endocrine resistance mechanisms and novel agents.

Main Results:

  • Age under 35 is identified as a poor prognostic factor for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.
  • Younger women (<35) exhibit reduced response to anti-hormonal therapy.
  • Increased expression of cell cycle-related genes is observed in very young patients (<35) compared to older premenopausal women.

Conclusions:

  • Endocrine resistance in young women (<35) with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer presents unique challenges and requires further investigation.
  • The precise mechanisms of recurrence after endocrine treatment, especially in younger populations, are not fully understood.
  • Developing targeted drug combinations and tailored clinical trials is essential to overcome endocrine resistance in this vulnerable group.