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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 5, 2025

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Inter-observer error for area of origin analysis using FARO Zone 3D.

Gareth Griffiths1, Eugene Liscio2, Helen Guryn2

  • 1School of Law, Policing and Forensics, Staffordshire University, Leek Road, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 2DE, United Kingdom.

Science & Justice : Journal of the Forensic Science Society
|May 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Determining the area of origin for impact bloodstain patterns is vital. This study found that inter-observer variation in calculating the area of origin using FARO Zone 3D software fell within an acceptable 30 cm allowance.

Keywords:
3D forensicsBloodstain pattern analysisCrime scene reconstructionFARO Focus S350 laser scannerForensic scienceImpact patternStringing

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
  • 3D Imaging Technologies

Background:

  • The area of origin (AO) is critical for reconstructing bloodletting events.
  • Three-dimensional (3D) technologies, such as FARO Zone 3D (FZ3D) software, are increasingly used for bloodstain pattern analysis.
  • Understanding inter-observer error is essential for accurate AO determination with new software.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the inter-observer variation among examiners when calculating the area of origin (AO) of a single impact bloodstain pattern.
  • To evaluate the reliability of FARO Zone 3D (FZ3D) software in AO analysis.
  • To compare the observed errors against the 30 cm allowance used in previous literature.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-one examiners repeatedly calculated the AO of a single impact bloodstain pattern six times each in a blind study.
  • An impact rig was used to create a bloodstain pattern simulating a bloodletting event.
  • Data was collected, documented in Excel, and analyzed to determine inter-observer variation and total 3D error.

Main Results:

  • The overall total 3D mean error across all examiners was 5.62 cm.
  • The maximum error recorded for a single analysis was 24.27 cm.
  • The variation in data (X=1.14 cm, Y=1.24 cm, Z=1.68 cm) and total 3D error (2.28 cm) for any single examiner did not exceed the 30 cm allowance.

Conclusions:

  • Inter-observer variation in AO analysis using FZ3D software is within acceptable limits based on a 30 cm allowance.
  • The study highlights the need for further understanding of inter-observer errors in 3D bloodstain pattern analysis.
  • The findings support the use of FZ3D for AO determination in forensic investigations, while acknowledging the existing error margins.