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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 5, 2025

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD
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Lifetime evolution of ADHD treatment.

Federico Mucci1, Barbara Carpita2, Giovanni Pagni3

  • 1Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy. federico.mucci@med.unipi.it.

Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)
|May 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment varies across the lifespan. Stimulants offer rapid effects, while non-stimulants are beneficial for those with substance abuse histories, though clinical experience heavily influences management.

Keywords:
ADHDLifespan managementNon-stimulantsPharmacological treatmentStimulants

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder impacting children and adolescents.
  • Adult ADHD diagnosis is less common due to comorbidities, necessitating research into lifelong treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and comment on the available literature regarding ADHD pharmacological treatment across all age groups.
  • To provide insights into the current understanding and management of ADHD throughout the lifespan.

Main Methods:

  • A naturalistic review of existing literature on ADHD pharmacological treatments.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on treatment efficacy and safety across different age demographics.

Main Results:

  • Stimulant medications demonstrate prompt efficacy and safety for ADHD symptom management.
  • Non-stimulant medications are effective, particularly in cases with a history of substance abuse, though their onset of action is slower.

Conclusions:

  • Pharmacological management of ADHD is significantly influenced by individual clinician experience.
  • Further longitudinal studies are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of ADHD treatment across the lifespan.