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Related Concept Videos

Inheritance01:25

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Gregor Mendel's pioneering work on the principles of inheritance fundamentally transformed our understanding of how traits are transmitted from generation to generation. His experiments with pea plants laid the groundwork for the discovery of genes, discrete units within organisms that control heredity.
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Related Experiment Video

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High-throughput Screening for Protein-based Inheritance in S. cerevisiae
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Default Inheritance in Modified Statements: Bias or Inference?

Corina Strößner1

  • 1Department of Philosophy II, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.

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|May 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The modifier effect describes how sentence modifications impact truth ratings. Default inheritance of properties, like "ravens are black," is influenced by these modifications but not fully blocked, suggesting inference over bias.

Keywords:
compositionalitydefault inheritancemodifier effectprototype theoryrational reasoning

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Linguistics
  • Semantics

Background:

  • Human subjects readily accept typical properties (e.g., 'Ravens are black') as true.
  • Modified sentences (e.g., 'Feathered ravens are black') receive lower truth ratings, a phenomenon known as the modifier effect.
  • The modifier effect is more pronounced with atypical modifiers (e.g., 'Jungle ravens are black').

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanism behind the modifier effect and default inheritance in concept composition.
  • To determine if default inheritance of typical properties is a direct result of concept composition (bias) or an inferential process.
  • To analyze how the likelihood of unmodified statements influences the perceived likelihood of modified statements.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental design involving human subject ratings of sentence likelihood.
  • Comparison of truth ratings for typical, modified-typical, and modified-atypical property sentences.
  • Analysis of the relationship between unmodified and modified sentence likelihood ratings.

Main Results:

  • The likelihood of the unmodified statement significantly influences the perceived likelihood of the modified statement.
  • The modifier effect does not completely override the default inheritance of typical properties.
  • Experimental evidence did not support the hypothesis that default inheritance stems directly from conceptual composition biases.

Conclusions:

  • Default inheritance of typical properties from nouns to modified nouns is not solely a direct compositional bias.
  • The findings support the view that default inheritance operates as an inferential process rather than a fixed bias during concept composition.
  • Understanding the modifier effect and default inheritance provides insights into how humans process and understand modified concepts.