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Related Concept Videos

Prodrugs01:30

Prodrugs

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Prodrugs are a class of pharmaceutical compounds that undergo a biotransformation process within the body to be converted into a pharmacologically active drug. Prodrugs are designed to improve the therapeutic properties of the parent drug, such as enhancing bioavailability, increasing stability, or reducing toxicity. The concept of prodrugs revolves around modifying the chemical structure of the original drug to make it more effective or convenient for administration.
Prodrugs help overcome...
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Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:22

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Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists, or anticholinesterases, enhance the body's cholinergic activity by inhibiting acetylcholine's breakdown. They are categorized as reversible or irreversible agents based on their mechanism of action. They are further classified into short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting agents based on their duration of action.
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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry01:20

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

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Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
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Ocular Therapeutic Delivery and Advanced Tissue Retrieval in Adult Rats
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Ocular prodrugs: Attributes and challenges.

Jagpreet Kour1, Neha Kumari1, Bharti Sapra1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147001, India.

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
|May 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ocular drug delivery faces challenges with poor bioavailability. The prodrug approach chemically modifies drugs to enhance their absorption and effectiveness in the eye, offering a promising future for ophthalmic treatments.

Keywords:
BioavailabilityCorneal permeabilityEsteraseLipophilicityOcular prodrugsStability

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pharmaceutics
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Ocular drug delivery is complex due to the eye's unique anatomy and physiological barriers.
  • Poor bioavailability of topically applied ophthalmic drugs remains a significant clinical challenge.
  • Existing strategies aim to increase drug residence time and penetration in the ocular region.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the concept and recent advancements in ocular prodrugs for improved drug delivery.
  • To highlight the potential of prodrug strategies in enhancing ocular bioavailability.
  • To discuss the challenges and future directions in designing effective ocular prodrugs.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes academic and industrial research on ocular prodrug development.
  • It examines the chemical approach of derivatization to optimize drug properties.
  • Key strategies like iontophoresis and ion-pairing are discussed in context.

Main Results:

  • The prodrug approach offers a viable method to improve physicochemical and biochemical properties of ocular drugs.
  • Optimized prodrugs can achieve better corneal penetration and prolonged residence time.
  • Successful prodrug formulation requires a balance between chemical stability and enzymatic liability.

Conclusions:

  • Prodrug design represents a significant advancement in ophthalmic drug delivery.
  • This chemical strategy holds considerable potential for overcoming ocular bioavailability limitations.
  • Further development in prodrug designing is crucial for future ophthalmic therapeutics.