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Updated: Nov 5, 2025

Bidirectional Electrical and Optoelectronic Interfaces in Healthy and Ischemic Ex Vivo Rat Hearts

Bidirectional Electrical and Optoelectronic Interfaces in Healthy and Ischemic Ex Vivo Rat Hearts

Published on: July 18, 2025

3D Electrodes for Bioelectronics.

Yo Han Cho^1,2,3, Young-Geun Park^1,2,3, Sumin Kim^1,2,3

¹Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|May 20, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Three-dimensional (3D) bioelectrodes offer enhanced performance for bioelectronic devices by increasing surface area and improving signal transfer. These advanced electrodes are crucial for interfacing with complex biological systems and deep tissues.

Keywords:

3D electrodes 3D structures bioelectronics wearable electronics

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Area of Science:

Bioelectronics
Biomedical Engineering
Materials Science

Background:

Traditional 2D electrodes face challenges interfacing with soft, nonplanar biological tissues.
The expansion of biomedical applications into 3D organoids and deep tissues necessitates advanced electrode designs.
3D bioelectrodes are essential for effective signal monitoring and stimulation in complex biological environments.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of recent advancements in 3D bioelectronic devices.
To highlight the development of materials and fabrication techniques for 3D micro- and nanostructures.
To discuss the diverse applications of 3D bioelectronic devices in biological research.

Main Methods:

Review of recent studies on 3D bioelectronic devices for electrical stimulation and neural signal recording.
Introduction to novel materials and fabrication processes for creating 3D micro- and nanostructured electrodes.
Analysis of in vitro and in vivo applications of these 3D bioelectronic systems.

Main Results:

3D bioelectrodes significantly improve effective surface area and signal transfer at tissue-electrode interfaces.
New materials and fabrication methods enable the creation of sophisticated 3D micro- and nanostructures.
3D bioelectronic devices demonstrate broad applicability in various experimental settings.

Conclusions:

3D bioelectrodes represent a significant advancement over traditional 2D electrodes for bioelectronic applications.
The development of advanced materials and fabrication techniques is driving innovation in 3D bioelectronics.
3D bioelectronic devices are poised to play a critical role in future biomedical research and clinical applications.