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Sleep, an essential biological state, involves significant reductions in physical activity, sensory awareness, and interaction with the environment. This complex physiological process is primarily regulated by specific brain regions, notably the hypothalamus and pons, which govern the sleep-wake cycle or circadian rhythm.
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Contemporary Concise Review 2020: Sleep.

Henry W Ainge-Allen1,2, Brendon J Yee1,3, Mary S M Ip4,5

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Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) affects many globally. Effective treatments, including modified surgery and lifestyle changes, can improve sleepiness and quality of life, even for mild cases.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Sleep Medicine
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a prevalent condition affecting a significant portion of the global population.
  • Improving daytime sleepiness and overall quality of life are key benefits of treating even mild OSA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in OSA treatment options.
  • To highlight the impact of lifestyle factors on sleep apnoea severity.
  • To acknowledge the rise in insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent modifications to surgical procedures for OSA.
  • Analysis of studies examining the effects of diet and exercise on sleep apnoea.
  • Consideration of epidemiological data on insomnia prevalence.

Main Results:

  • Modified uvulopalatopharyngoplasty shows potential as a broader treatment for selected OSA patients.
  • Diet and exercise can influence sleep apnoea severity independently of weight reduction.
  • The COVID-19 pandemic has correlated with an increase in insomnia cases.

Conclusions:

  • Surgical and lifestyle interventions offer viable strategies for managing obstructive sleep apnoea.
  • Further research into non-weight-dependent factors influencing OSA is warranted.
  • The growing prevalence of insomnia requires attention, particularly in the context of global health events.