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Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...

Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...

Muscles that Move the Leg

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 4, 2025

The Lower Body Positive Pressure Treadmill for Knee Osteoarthritis Rehabilitation

The Lower Body Positive Pressure Treadmill for Knee Osteoarthritis Rehabilitation

Published on: July 22, 2019

Offloader knee braces for knee osteoarthritis.

Francesca Moller¹, Luis Ortíz-Muñoz², Sebastián Irarrázaval³

¹Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Epistemonikos, Santiago, Chile.

|May 26, 2021

Summary

Offloader knee braces may improve walking distance for knee osteoarthritis patients. However, evidence suggests limited impact on other functions, potential worsening of quality of life, and uncertain pain relief, with low certainty.

Keywords:

Epistemonikos GRADE.brace knee osteoarthritis

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Last Updated: Nov 4, 2025

The Lower Body Positive Pressure Treadmill for Knee Osteoarthritis Rehabilitation

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Published on: October 20, 2023

Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Rehabilitation Medicine
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent condition causing significant disability.
Non-pharmacological treatments, including offloader knee braces, are explored for OA management.
Current literature lacks consensus on the specific indications for offloader knee brace use.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically evaluate the efficacy of offloader knee braces in managing knee osteoarthritis.
To synthesize evidence from randomized controlled trials on functional outcomes and quality of life.
To assess the impact of offloader knee braces on pain and adverse events in knee OA patients.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive search of systematic reviews in the Epistemonikos database.
Inclusion of data from multiple sources (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane).
Meta-analysis of primary studies and GRADE approach for certainty of evidence assessment.

Main Results:

Offloader knee braces likely improve walking distance in knee OA patients.
Minimal to no effect observed on Hospital for Special Surgery Knee scores.
Potential slight decrease in quality of life and increase in adverse events noted.

Conclusions:

The use of offloader knee braces may enhance physical function, specifically walking distance.
Evidence regarding effects on other functional scores, quality of life, and pain is of low to very low certainty.
Further high-quality research is needed to clarify the role of offloader knee braces in knee OA management.