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Related Concept Videos

Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Labeling Emotion01:20

Labeling Emotion

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Emotional labeling is a cognitive process that involves identifying and naming one's emotions, such as anger, fear, happiness, or sadness. It allows individuals to recognize and express their internal emotional states, a critical aspect of emotional regulation and communication. Labeling emotions requires more than mere recognition; it also involves drawing upon memory and contextual cues to understand the current situation and apply a corresponding emotional label. For instance, feeling...
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Cognitive Theories: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion01:20

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Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed the two-factor theory of emotion, which emphasizes the interplay between physiological arousal and cognitive labeling in forming emotional experiences. This theory suggests that emotions are not simply a result of physiological responses but rather a combination of these responses and the individual's cognitive interpretation of them.
Physiological Arousal and Cognitive Labeling
According to this theory, when an individual experiences...
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The Influence of Cognition on Affect01:29

The Influence of Cognition on Affect

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Cognition plays a pivotal role in shaping emotional experiences, as demonstrated by Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion. According to this model, emotion arises from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. The body’s physiological response to stimuli is ambiguous and only gains emotional significance through cognitive labeling. For instance, an increased heart rate and adrenaline surge while standing near an attractive person may be...
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Emotional Expression01:26

Emotional Expression

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Emotional expression encompasses how individuals convey their emotions through verbal communication and non-verbal cues. These non-verbal actions include facial expressions, body language, and physical gestures, such as frowning or smiling. Among these, facial expressions play a crucial role in emotional expression and are understood universally, indicating a biological basis for how humans communicate emotions.
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis01:24

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

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Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
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Emotion regulation by attentional deployment moderates bilinguals' language-dependent emotion differences.

Dieter Thoma1

  • 1Department of English Linguistics, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.

Cognition & Emotion
|May 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Bilinguals show weaker emotions in their second language (L2) when distracted, but stronger emotions when concentrating or ruminating. This suggests attentional resources influence language-dependent emotional responses.

Keywords:
Language processingattentionbilingualismemotion regulationrumination

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Emotion Research

Background:

  • Bilinguals exhibit varied emotional responses to stimuli in their first (L1) and second (L2) languages.
  • The causes of these language-dependent emotional differences are debated, with varying effects across emotions and tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether attentional resources moderate language-dependent emotions in bilinguals.
  • To explore the role of emotion regulation strategies in shaping bilingual emotional experiences.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted, manipulating language (L1 vs. L2) and emotion regulation (distraction, concentration, rumination).
  • Study 1 assessed emotion-word valence ratings under distraction and concentration.
  • Study 2 measured physiological (pupillary, eye-fixation) and self-report responses during a simulated online-dating task involving L1/L2 stimuli.

Main Results:

  • Emotional responses in L2 were reduced when emotion processing was distracted or baseline levels were low.
  • Concentration or prior emotion-focused rumination led to comparable or heightened emotionality in L2 compared to L1.
  • Both self-reported and physiological measures indicated these emotion regulation effects.

Conclusions:

  • Bilinguals' language-dependent emotions are modulated by the level of attentional resources allocated to emotion processing.
  • Differential language-processing automaticity likely underlies these observed effects.
  • Emotion regulation strategies can influence the extent to which L1 and L2 evoke emotional responses.