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Van der Waals Interactions

Van der Waals Interactions

Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. The intermolecular forces between neutral atoms and molecules are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, and dispersion forces, collectively known as van der Waals forces.

Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble

Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble

The shape of a small drop of liquid can be considered spherical, neglecting the effect of gravity. This drop can further be considered as two equal hemispherical drops put together due to surface tension. The forces acting on the spherical drop are due to the pressure of the liquid inside the drop, the pressure due to air outside the drop, and the force due to the surface tension acting on the two hemispherical drops.

Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method

Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method

Published on: June 14, 2019

Atomic Force Microscopy Study of Non-DLVO Interactions between Drops and Bubbles.

Kai Li¹, Wei Wang¹, Fan Xiao¹

¹Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Oil and Gas Distribution Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Gas Hydrates, MOE Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, No. 18 Fuxue Road, Changping District, 102249 Beijing, P. R. China.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids

|May 27, 2021

Summary

Hydrophobic attraction drives coalescence between oil drops and air bubbles in saline solutions. Polymer addition creates steric hindrance, overcoming this attraction and influencing dispersion stability.

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Area of Science:

Colloid and Surface Science
Interfacial Phenomena

Background:

Understanding liquid drops and air bubbles interactions is crucial for controlling dispersion stability in various industrial applications.
Hydrophobic interactions play a significant role in the behavior of dispersed systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the heterointeraction between liquid drops and air bubbles using atomic force microscopy (AFM).
To quantify the hydrophobic attraction and the effect of polymer additives on these interactions.

Main Methods:

Utilized atomic force microscopy (AFM) probe techniques to measure forces between tetradecane drops and air bubbles.
Varied electrolyte concentrations to control electrical double layer thickness and study hydrophobic attraction range and strength.
Introduced Pluronic F68 triblock copolymer to assess steric hindrance effects.

Main Results:

Observed ready coalescence between tetradecane drops and air bubbles in sodium chloride solution, indicating strong hydrophobic attraction.
Characterized hydrophobic attraction with a combination of mid-range and short-range interaction terms.
Demonstrated that Pluronic F68 creates a long-range steric hindrance that overcomes hydrophobic attraction.
Measured a strong repulsive force between a water drop and an air bubble in tetradecane.

Conclusions:

Hydrophobic interactions between drops and bubbles can be effectively characterized and modulated.
Steric hindrance from polymers can surmount hydrophobic attraction, offering a method to control dispersion stability.
Findings provide insights into interfacial phenomena with potential applications in dispersion engineering.