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Related Concept Videos

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination01:23

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination

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The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, it is located at the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus, forming part of the limbic system.
The hypothalamus interacts with other brain regions, including the pituitary gland, through a direct physical connection called the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The hypothalamus receives somatic and visceral inputs and...
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Neurotransmitters01:31

Neurotransmitters

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Neurotransmitters are essential chemical messengers within the nervous system, facilitating the communication between neurons. These chemical messengers, varying in function and effect, are critical for sustaining various aspects of neurological health and emotional well-being.
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Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

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The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the...
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Regulation of Food Intake01:30

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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay01:27

Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay

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The thalamus, often called “the gateway to the cerebral cortex,” is vital in processing and directing sensory and motor signals throughout the brain. Almost all inputs destined for the cerebral cortex, except for olfactory signals, are relayed through the thalamus. The thalamus is  a sophisticated relay station, channeling information from various brain regions to the cerebral cortex, as well as a filter, prioritizing certain signals over others based on current physiological...
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Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission01:27

Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission

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Postganglionic sympathetic fibers (except those supplying the sweat glands) releasing noradrenaline or norepinephrine are called noradrenergic or adrenergic neurons. Noradrenaline, dopamine, adrenaline, or epinephrine are collectively called "catecholamines" as they contain a catechol moiety and an amine side chain. The five stages of neurotransmitter release involve their synthesis, storage, release, reuptake and metabolism.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Author Spotlight: Hypothalamic Neural Mechanism Insights
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NAD+ oscillation and hypothalamic neuronal functions.

Kyohei Tokizane1, Shin-Ichiro Imai1,2,3

  • 1Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8103, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.

Faculty Reviews
|May 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) biosynthesis is crucial for cellular metabolism and circadian rhythms. Disruptions in NAD+ regulation, particularly in the hypothalamus, contribute to aging and metabolic disorders, highlighting intertissue NAD+ communication as a therapeutic target.

Keywords:
AgingHypothalamusNAD+ oscillationNAMPTSirtuins

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Metabolism
  • Circadian Biology
  • Neuroendocrinology

Background:

  • Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) biosynthesis and regulation are vital for cellular metabolism.
  • Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) expression follows a circadian rhythm, influencing NAD+ oscillations.
  • The hypothalamus regulates metabolism, circadian rhythms, and aging, and is sensitive to NAD+ levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of NAD+ biosynthesis and its circadian regulation in hypothalamic function.
  • To understand how age-associated NAD+ dysfunction impacts hypothalamic neurons and metabolic health.
  • To explore intertissue NAD+-dependent communication as a therapeutic strategy for metabolic disorders and health span extension.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on NAD+ metabolism, circadian rhythms, and hypothalamic function.
  • Analysis of studies linking NAMPT, sirtuins, and NAD+ oscillations.
  • Examination of research on age-related NAD+ decline and its consequences.

Main Results:

  • Circadian regulation of NAMPT drives NAD+ oscillations, impacting hypothalamic function.
  • Age-related decline in NAD+ biosynthesis impairs hypothalamic neurons, leading to obesity and metabolic diseases.
  • Intertissue NAD+-dependent communication emerges as a novel pathway influencing metabolic homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • NAD+ oscillation is essential for maintaining hypothalamic function and metabolic health.
  • Disrupted NAD+ metabolism contributes to aging-related metabolic disorders.
  • Targeting intertissue NAD+ communication may offer new avenues for treating metabolic diseases and promoting longevity.