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Related Concept Videos

Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

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This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
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Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

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In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
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Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols02:32

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Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
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Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
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Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

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Overview
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Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

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Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
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Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder
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Toxic Alcohols.

Jennifer A Ross1, Heather A Borek1, Christopher P Holstege1

  • 1Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, PO Box 800774, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0774, USA.

Critical Care Clinics
|May 31, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers toxic alcohols like methanol and ethylene glycol, detailing their metabolism, effects, and treatment. It emphasizes anion gap metabolic acidosis and the osmole gap

Keywords:
AcetoneDiethylene glycolEthylene glycolIsopropyl alcoholMethanolPropylene glycolToxic alcohol

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Toxic alcohols, including methanol, ethylene glycol, and others, pose significant health risks.
  • Understanding their unique metabolic pathways and clinical manifestations is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of toxic alcohol poisoning.
  • To elucidate the role of anion gap metabolic acidosis and osmole gap in diagnosis and patient management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of toxic alcohol poisoning.
  • Analysis of clinical effects, metabolism, and treatment strategies.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic utility of anion gap and osmole gap.

Main Results:

  • Detailed review of ethylene glycol, methanol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and isopropyl alcohol.
  • Highlights the significance of anion gap metabolic acidosis in toxic alcohol ingestions.
  • Discusses the practical applications and constraints of using the osmole gap.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of toxic alcohol ingestions requires understanding their specific properties.
  • Anion gap metabolic acidosis is a key indicator, while osmole gap offers valuable but limited insights.
  • This review serves as a guide for clinicians managing these critical cases.