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Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Characterization of the Sense of Agency over the Actions of Neural-machine Interface-operated Prostheses
Published on: January 7, 2019
Amalgamation of self-esteem, depression, anxiety and stress among prosthesis users
Muhammad Kamran1, Nazia Mumtaz2, Ghulam Saqulain3
1Chal Foundation Rehabilitation Centre, Bagh, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan.
Objective:
To find the levels of self-esteem, depression, anxiety and stress among prosthesis users.
Methods:
The cross-sectional study was conducted from June to November 2018 at Chal Foundation centres in Bagh and Swabi, Pakistan, and comprised prosthesis users of both genders aged 15-60 years. Rosenberg self-esteem scale and Depression anxiety and stress scale-21 were used to collect data which was analysed using SPSS 22.
Results:
Of the 400 subjects, 315(78.8%) were males and 85(21.2%) were females. The overall mean age was 38.03±11.86 years. Low level of self-esteem was found in 350(87.5%), depression in 374(93.4%), anxiety in 388(96.9%) and stress in 338(84.4%). Females showed significant association with stress (p=0.009).
Conclusions:
The level of self-esteem was low among majority of the participants and psychological well-being was found to be poor.
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