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Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Measuring Biophysical and Psychological Stress Levels Following Visitation to Three Locations with Differing Levels of Nature
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More green, less lonely? A longitudinal cohort study.

Thomas Astell-Burt1,2,3,4,5, Terry Hartig6,7, Simon Eckermann8

  • 1Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), School of Health and Society, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.

International Journal of Epidemiology
|May 31, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Urban greening is linked to reduced loneliness. Increased green space within 1.6 km of home was associated with lower incident loneliness, particularly for individuals living alone.

Keywords:
COVID-19Lonelinesscitiesisolationnaturepanel dataparksrestorationsocial contacts

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Psychology
  • Urban Planning
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Urban greening may mitigate loneliness by providing opportunities for solace and social connection.
  • This study investigates the relationship between residential green space and loneliness over four years.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the association between residential green space and the cumulative incidence and relief of loneliness.
  • To explore how factors like age, sex, disability, and cohabitation status modify this association.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized multilevel logistic regressions on data from 8049 Australian city-dwellers (2013-2017).
  • Examined associations between loneliness incidence and objectively measured green-space buffers (<400m, <800m, <1600m).
  • Adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, and cohabitation variables; results translated to absolute risk reductions.

Main Results:

  • A 10% increase in green space within 1.6 km was linked to a 0.66% absolute risk reduction in loneliness.
  • The association was stronger for individuals living alone, with greater green space correlating to lower loneliness incidence.
  • Higher percentages of green space (10-20%, 20-30%, >30%) showed progressively significant reductions in loneliness incidence.

Conclusions:

  • Greater proximity to urban green space is associated with a lower incidence of loneliness, especially for those living alone.
  • The findings suggest urban greening initiatives can play a role in public health by reducing social isolation.
  • Further research into the underlying biopsychosocial mechanisms is warranted.