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Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

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Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
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Differential Staining Technique01:26

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Differential staining is an essential microbiological technique that exploits variations in cell wall structures to classify and identify microorganisms. It facilitates the distinction of bacteria, aiding in diagnostic and research applications. Two of the most widely used differential staining methods are Gram staining and acid-fast staining, both of which rely on the chemical and structural differences in bacterial cell walls.Gram Staining TechniqueGram staining differentiates bacteria by...
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Cleavage and Blastulation01:33

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After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 3, 2025

Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization
07:50

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High contrast cleavage detection.

Michael Dubrovsky, Morgan Blevins, Svetlana V Boriskina

    Optics Letters
    |June 1, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary

    High contrast cleavage detection (HCCD) photonic biosensors amplify signals by cleaving nanoparticle reporters, overcoming limitations of traditional biosensors for sensitive, real-time biological molecule detection.

    Area of Science:

    • Photonics
    • Biosensing
    • Nanotechnology

    Background:

    • Photonic biosensors offer high sensitivity and real-time detection but struggle with noise and limitations of small, low-refractive-index biological targets in conventional assays.
    • Nonspecific binding and the inherent properties of target molecules hinder the performance of existing photonic biosensing platforms.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the performance of an integrated microring photonic biosensor utilizing the high contrast cleavage detection (HCCD) mechanism.
    • To demonstrate the advantages of HCCD over conventional target-capture detection methods on the same sensor platform.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a silicon ring resonator as an optical transducer integrated with silicon nanoparticles as high-contrast reporters.
    • Employed the HCCD mechanism, which relies on the cleavage of nanoparticle reporters for signal amplification.

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  • Leveraged CRISPR Cas12a and Cas13 enzymes for collateral nucleic acid cleavage, enabling specific detection of target DNA/RNA sequences.

    • Main Results:

    • The HCCD mechanism provides dramatic optical signal amplification through the cleavage of numerous high-contrast nanoparticle reporters.
    • Demonstrated enhanced signal amplification and specificity compared to conventional target-capture methods using the same sensor platform.
    • Successfully detected target DNA/RNA sequences in solution via enzyme-mediated collateral cleavage.

    Conclusions:

    • The HCCD mechanism significantly enhances signal amplification in photonic biosensors by utilizing nanoparticle reporter cleavage.
    • This approach overcomes the limitations of traditional biosensing methods, offering improved sensitivity and specificity for biological molecule detection.
    • Integrated microring photonic biosensors with HCCD and CRISPR-based collateral cleavage represent a promising platform for advanced molecular diagnostics.