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Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
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Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
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Viral Structure00:56

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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
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Complement Proteins as Soluble Pattern Recognition Receptors for Pathogenic Viruses.

Valarmathy Murugaiah1, Praveen M Varghese1, Nazar Beirag1

  • 1Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK.

Viruses
|June 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The complement system, a key part of innate immunity, neutralizes viruses through direct action or cascade activation. However, viruses can evade complement, impacting pathogenesis.

Keywords:
DNA virusesRNA virusescomplement evasioncomplement systemcytokine storminnate immunityretroviruses

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The complement system is a vital component of innate immunity, essential for pathogen elimination through classical, alternative, and lectin pathways.
  • Complement activation against viruses leads to effector functions like opsonisation, phagocytosis, and direct viral lysis via the membrane attack complex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review complement-dependent and -independent interactions between specific complement components and viruses.
  • To explore viral strategies for subverting complement recognition and activation, thereby impacting viral pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on interactions between complement components (C1q, C4b-binding protein, properdin, factor H, Mannose-binding lectin, Ficolins) and viruses.
  • Analysis of viral mechanisms to inhibit the complement system.

Main Results:

  • Individual complement components can neutralize viruses independently of cascade activation.
  • Viruses have evolved diverse mechanisms to evade or inhibit complement, aiding their survival and disease progression.

Conclusions:

  • Complement plays a dual role in antiviral defense, capable of direct neutralization and immune modulation.
  • Understanding viral evasion strategies is crucial for developing therapies targeting complement-host-pathogen interactions.