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The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...
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Updated: Nov 3, 2025

Effective Analysis of Human Exposure Conditions with Body-worn Dosimeters in the 2.4 GHz Band
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Design Guidelines for Database-Driven Internet of Things-Enabled Dynamic Spectrum Access.

Dayan A Guimarães1, Elivander J T Pereira1, Antônio M Alberti1

  • 1National Institute of Telecommunications (Inatel), S. R. Sapucaí 37540000, MG, Brazil.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dynamic spectrum access policies can overcome radio-frequency spectrum shortages. This framework uses Internet of Things (IoT) devices for real-time spectrum sensing and occupancy databases to enable efficient spectrum sharing.

Keywords:
Internet of thingsblockchaincognitive radiodistributed ledger technologydynamic spectrum accessspectrum sensing

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Area of Science:

  • Wireless Communication Networks
  • Spectrum Management
  • Internet of Things (IoT)

Background:

  • Fixed radio-frequency spectrum allocation causes shortages, hindering wireless network deployment and innovation.
  • Dynamic spectrum access (DSA) policies offer a solution by enabling shared spectrum usage between licensed and unlicensed networks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present guidelines for a framework supporting DSA policies.
  • To enable secondary networks to acquire real-time, reliable information on available spectrum bands.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing specialized Internet of Things (IoT) devices for spectrum sensing.
  • Establishing a spectrum occupancy database fed by IoT devices.
  • Developing a framework for location-dependent spectrum availability information.

Main Results:

  • The proposed framework integrates spectrum sensing and databases for DSA.
  • Guidelines address technological enablers for framework feasibility, reliability, and security.

Conclusions:

  • The framework facilitates dynamic spectrum access by leveraging IoT for real-time spectrum monitoring.
  • This approach enhances spectrum utilization and supports the evolution of wireless communication.