Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

548
The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
548
Transcytosis of IgG01:15

Transcytosis of IgG

3.5K
Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
3.5K
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

13.2K
Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
13.2K
Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

62.1K
Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
62.1K
Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules01:31

Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules

3.7K
Immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules or Ig-CAMs are a versatile group of cell surface glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin protein superfamily. Ig-CAMs possess the characteristic immunoglobulin protein domains and other domains such as the fibronectin type III domain. The Ig domains are glycosylated to varying degrees in different Ig-CAMs.
Ig-CAMs exhibit either homophilic binding (to other Ig-CAMs) or heterophilic binding (to other ligands such as integrins). While most Ig-CAMs...
3.7K
Immunoprecipitation01:20

Immunoprecipitation

6.2K
Immunoprecipitation, or IP, is a widely used technique that employs protein-antibody interactions to isolate proteins or protein complexes in their native state for studying protein-protein interactions, quaternary structures, or supramolecular complexes. Various modifications of the technique, including chromatin IP, cross-linking IP, and fluorescence IP, are commonly used.
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
Chromatin immunoprecipitation, also known as ChIP, is used to study protein-DNA or...
6.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Correction: The perinatal microbiota in dogs and cats: a narrative review from human research to veterinary practice.

Frontiers in veterinary science·2026
Same author

Corrigendum to "Effects of Mediterranean diet or Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction during pregnancy on maternal gut and vaginal microbiota: a subanalysis of the Improving Mothers for a better PrenAtal Care Trial BarCeloNa (IMPACT BCN) trial." [Am J Clin Nutr. 2025 Oct;122(4):1121-1133. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.07.030. Epub 2025 Aug 5. PMID: 40759394; PMCID: PMC12674037.].

The American journal of clinical nutrition·2026
Same author

Immunoprogramming by maternal fibre and polyphenol intake enhances humoral systemic and mucosal immunity in adult offspring.

Food & function·2026
Same author

Targeted enzymatic therapy for coeliac disease.

EMBO molecular medicine·2026
Same author

Descriptive Study of Female Homicides in the City of Barcelona (1986-2020).

Academic forensic pathology·2026
Same author

The perinatal microbiota in dogs and cats: a narrative review from human research to veterinary practice.

Frontiers in veterinary science·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 3, 2025

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus
13:00

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus

Published on: July 31, 2021

3.8K

The Breast Milk Immunoglobulinome.

Karla Rio-Aige1,2, Ignasi Azagra-Boronat1,2, Margarida Castell1,2

  • 1Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.

Nutrients
|June 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Breast milk contains various immunoglobulins (Igs) crucial for infant immunity. Study reveals significant variability in Ig concentrations due to factors like sampling time and maternal lifestyle, impacting interpretation.

Keywords:
IgAbreast milkimmunoglobulinimmunoglobulinome

More Related Videos

Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings
04:16

Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings

Published on: February 7, 2025

691
Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets
08:12

Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets

Published on: September 6, 2019

7.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 3, 2025

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus
13:00

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus

Published on: July 31, 2021

3.8K
Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings
04:16

Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings

Published on: February 7, 2025

691
Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets
08:12

Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets

Published on: September 6, 2019

7.3K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Human Lactation
  • Pediatric Nutrition

Background:

  • Breast milk provides essential immune factors for infant development.
  • Immunoglobulins (Igs) are key protective components, with IgA being well-studied.
  • Limited data exists on other Igs (IgM, IgG subtypes, IgE, IgD) in breast milk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review scientific evidence on immunoglobulin concentrations in human milk.
  • To identify and analyze factors contributing to the variability of milk Ig levels.
  • To provide a clearer understanding of the breast milk immunoglobulinome.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search yielding 75 eligible studies.
  • Analysis of reported Ig concentrations and profiles in breast milk.
  • Identification of intrinsic and participant-dependent factors influencing Ig levels.

Main Results:

  • Significant variability observed in total Ig concentration and specific Ig profiles across studies.
  • Factors such as sampling time and quantification methods influence results.
  • Maternal lifestyle and environmental factors also contribute to Ig variability.

Conclusions:

  • The breast milk immunoglobulinome is highly variable.
  • Standardization of study methodologies is crucial for accurate data interpretation.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise role and dynamics of various Igs in breast milk for infant immunity.