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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients01:15

Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients

63
Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
63
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

43
As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
43
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion

102
In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...
102
Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

56
Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
56
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution01:00

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution

39
Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are...
39
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism

43
Geriatric patients show significant variation in how their bodies process medications, which can change how effective and safe treatments are. The liver is the primary organ where drug metabolism occurs, involving two main types of chemical reactions: phase I and II. Phase I metabolism is driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which includes key types such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Research indicates that while aging doesn't notably alter the levels or activity of these enzymes, it...
43

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Convergence Insufficiency in the Geriatric Population.

Hassan Hashemi1, Payam Nabovati2, Abbasali Yekta3

  • 1Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran.

Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry
|June 3, 2021
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Summary

Convergence insufficiency is common in older adults, with nearly 30% experiencing a two-sign diagnosis. This study highlights the need for greater clinical awareness of this binocular vision disorder in the geriatric population.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Geriatric Medicine
  • Vision Science

Background:

  • Convergence insufficiency (CI) is a common binocular vision disorder.
  • Prevalence data specifically for the geriatric population is limited.
  • Understanding CI prevalence in the elderly is crucial for diagnosis and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of convergence insufficiency (CI) in a geriatric population.
  • To identify factors associated with CI in individuals over 60 years old.

Main Methods:

  • A population-based study involving 1793 residents over 60 years old in Tehran.
  • Random stratified cluster sampling was employed.
  • Comprehensive ocular examinations included visual acuity, refraction, binocular vision assessments (near point of convergence, fusional vergence), and ocular health evaluations.

Main Results:

  • The prevalence of two-sign CI was 29.6% and three-sign CI was 21.5%.
  • No significant differences in prevalence were found between men and women.
  • Prevalence varied across age groups but showed no significant trend with increasing age; no significant associations were found with age, sex, or refractive errors.

Conclusions:

  • Convergence insufficiency (CI) is highly prevalent in the geriatric population.
  • Clinicians should prioritize screening for and managing CI in elderly patients.
  • Further research may explore specific risk factors or management strategies for CI in this demographic.