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Updated: Nov 3, 2025

Using Neuron Spiking Activity to Trigger Closed-Loop Stimuli in Neurophysiological Experiments
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A Brain-Spinal Interface (BSI) System-on-Chip (SoC) for Closed-Loop Cortically-Controlled Intraspinal

Shahab Shahdoost1, Shawn B Frost2, David J Guggenmos2

  • 1Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.

Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing
|June 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary

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Editorial: Mechanism Matters.

Neurorehabilitation and neural repair·2025

This study presents a miniaturized brain-spinal interface (BSI) for closed-loop control of intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS). The system translates real-time neural signals into muscle activation patterns in rats with spinal cord injuries.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Implantable Devices

Background:

  • Spinal cord injuries often lead to motor deficits.
  • Restoring motor function requires precise neural control.
  • Current brain-spinal interfaces face challenges in miniaturization and real-time processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a fully miniaturized brain-spinal interface (BSI) system.
  • To enable closed-loop, cortically-controlled intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS).
  • To demonstrate the system's efficacy in a rodent spinal cord injury model.

Main Methods:

  • A system-on-chip (SoC) was fabricated using advanced CMOS technology.
  • The SoC integrates spike-recording, digital signal processing (DSP), and stimulation modules.
Keywords:
Brain-spinal interfaceclosed-loop neuromodulationclosed-loop neuroprosthesisintraspinal microstimulationneural recordingspike discriminationspinal cord injurysystem-on-chip

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  • Real-time neural spike discrimination and ISMS triggering were implemented.
  • The system was validated in a rat model with T8 spinal cord contusion injury.

    • Main Results:

    • The miniaturized BSI system successfully recorded intracortical neural spikes.
    • Real-time processing enabled the generation of ISMS trigger patterns.
    • Stimulation of the lumbar spinal cord elicited distinct hindlimb muscle activation patterns.
    • The closed-loop system demonstrated effective cortically-controlled stimulation.

    Conclusions:

    • A fully miniaturized BSI system for closed-loop ISMS was successfully developed and validated.
    • The system shows potential for restoring motor function after spinal cord injury.
    • This technology advances the development of implantable neural interfaces for therapeutic applications.