Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

3.7K
Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
3.7K
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

7.0K
Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
7.0K
Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

3.2K
As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...
3.2K
Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

5.4K
Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
5.4K
Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

5.3K
Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts—...
5.3K
Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

2.7K
The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
2.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Enamel Tubules and Spindles: Enter and Exit the Amelocyte.

Calcified tissue international·2026
Same author

Enamel and Bleaching or Breaching: Vickers Hardness and Backscattered Electron Imaging.

Calcified tissue international·2026
Same author

Microanatomy of incremental growth lines in dental tissues in reindeer Rangifer tarandus.

Journal of anatomy·2024
Same author

Intracortical remodelling increases in highly loaded bone after exercise cessation.

Journal of anatomy·2023
Same author

Fleas and lesions in armadillo osteoderms.

Journal of anatomy·2023
Same author

Publisher Correction: Accelerating functional gene discovery in osteoarthritis.

Nature communications·2021

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 3, 2025

Biotribological Testing and Analysis of Articular Cartilage Sliding against Metal for Implants
09:08

Biotribological Testing and Analysis of Articular Cartilage Sliding against Metal for Implants

Published on: May 14, 2020

4.0K

The Bone Cartilage Interface and Osteoarthritis.

Alan Boyde1

  • 1Dental Physical Sciences Imaging Unit, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Campus, London, E1 4NS, UK. a.boyde@qmul.ac.uk.

Calcified Tissue International
|June 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Osteoarthritis (OA) involves damage to joint tissues like cartilage and bone. This review details microstructural changes in equine and human OA, revealing how bone resorption and repair processes contribute to joint destruction.

Keywords:
Articular calcified cartilageBoneHigh-density mineral infill and protrusionsJointsMicroscopy

More Related Videos

Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model
07:32

Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model

Published on: May 6, 2020

12.6K
An Ex Vivo Tissue Culture Model of Cartilage Remodeling in Bovine Knee Explants
07:10

An Ex Vivo Tissue Culture Model of Cartilage Remodeling in Bovine Knee Explants

Published on: November 3, 2019

9.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 3, 2025

Biotribological Testing and Analysis of Articular Cartilage Sliding against Metal for Implants
09:08

Biotribological Testing and Analysis of Articular Cartilage Sliding against Metal for Implants

Published on: May 14, 2020

4.0K
Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model
07:32

Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model

Published on: May 6, 2020

12.6K
An Ex Vivo Tissue Culture Model of Cartilage Remodeling in Bovine Knee Explants
07:10

An Ex Vivo Tissue Culture Model of Cartilage Remodeling in Bovine Knee Explants

Published on: November 3, 2019

9.5K

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Veterinary Medicine

Background:

  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease affecting both humans and equines.
  • Understanding the microstructural changes at the osteochondral junction is crucial for OA pathogenesis.
  • Previous studies on equine and human OA tissue provide valuable insights into disease mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize findings on the microstructural changes in articular cartilage and subchondral bone in osteoarthritis.
  • To elucidate the role of bone resorption and repair processes in the progression of OA.
  • To analyze the contribution of specific microstructural features to joint destruction in OA.

Main Methods:

  • Re-utilization of tissue samples from prior studies.
  • Scanning electron microscopy for high-resolution imaging.
  • Novel light microscopy techniques.
  • X-ray micro-tomography for 3D structural analysis.

Main Results:

  • Overload exercise and rest periods downregulate turnover at the osteochondral junction, predisposing to microfracture.
  • Resorption canals, loss of articular calcified cartilage (ACC), and subchondral bone (SCB) cracking are key OA features.
  • High-Density Mineral Infill (HDMI) seals cracks, extruding as High-Density Mineral Protrusions (HDMP) into hyaline articular cartilage (HAC), leading to fragmentation and destruction.
  • SCB densification with woven bone, HAC fibrillation, eburnation, and repair with abnormal tissues characterize advanced OA.

Conclusions:

  • The interplay between bone resorption and repair at the osteochondral junction is a critical driver of OA.
  • Microstructural alterations, including HDMI and HDMP, significantly contribute to cartilage and bone destruction in OA.
  • This review highlights the complex pathological cascade in OA, emphasizing the need for targeted therapeutic strategies.