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Related Concept Videos

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes01:19

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

1.1K
Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...
1.1K
Controlled-Current Coulometry: Overview01:27

Controlled-Current Coulometry: Overview

404
Controlled current coulometry, also known as amperostatic coulometry, is a technique used in electrochemical analysis to measure the quantity of a substance through the controlled passage of current. It involves the application of a constant current to an electrochemical cell containing the analyte of interest. As the current flows through the cell, the analyte undergoes a redox reaction at the electrode surface, resulting in a charge transfer. By monitoring the time required for a certain...
404
Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods01:17

Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods

381
Controlled-potential coulometry, also known as potentiostatic coulometry, employs a three-electrode system in which the working electrode's potential is precisely regulated using a potentiostat. Platinum working electrodes are utilized for positive potentials, while mercury pool electrodes are favored for extremely negative potentials. The platinum counter electrode is separated from the analyte using a membrane or salt bridge to avoid interference in the analysis.
The chosen potential...
381
Electrodes: Overview01:17

Electrodes: Overview

2.0K
 Electrochemical measurements are conducted in an electrochemical cell composed of various components that control and measure the current and potential. One fundamental component is electrodes, conductive materials that enable electron transfer reactions at their surfaces.
There are two main types of electrodes in electrochemical cells. The first type, known as the working or indicator electrode, has a potential that is sensitive to the analyte's concentration and reacts to changes in...
2.0K
Capillary Electrophoresis: Instrumentation01:20

Capillary Electrophoresis: Instrumentation

551
Capillary electrophoresis instrumentation typically consists of several key components. A high-voltage power supply generates the electric field necessary for the separation by connecting to an anode (the positively charged electrode) and a cathode (the negatively charged electrode) located in buffer reservoirs at each end of the capillary tube. The system includes a sample vial, a fused silica capillary tube coated with polyimide for mechanical strength through which the sample components...
551
Controlled-Current Coulometry: Coulometric Titration01:18

Controlled-Current Coulometry: Coulometric Titration

301
Coulometric titrations are a form of titrimetric analysis where the reagent is generated electrically, and its amount is evaluated based on current and generating time. The electron serves as the standard reagent. The procedure is similar to conventional titrations, such as endpoint detection.
The fundamental requirements for coulometric titrations are (1) 100% efficiency in the reagent-generating electrode reaction and (2) a stoichiometric and preferably rapid reaction between the generated...
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Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions
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Easy-to-Make Capillary-Based Reference Electrodes with Controlled, Pressure-Driven Electrolyte Flow.

Evan L Anderson1, Blair K Troudt1, Philippe Bühlmann1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.

ACS Sensors
|June 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel reference electrode design ensures stable potentiometric measurements for advanced sensors. This design uses a 10.2 μm capillary and minimal pressure for a consistent, low electrolyte flow, enabling long-term, calibration-free operation.

Keywords:
capillarycharge screeningliquid junctionpotential stabilityreference electrodessalt bridges

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Sensor Technology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Solid-contact potentiometric sensors exhibit high stability, necessitating advanced reference electrode designs.
  • Traditional reference electrodes face challenges with electrolyte flow control, leading to contamination or depletion.
  • Maintaining a stable liquid junction potential is crucial for accurate potentiometric measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel reference electrode for potentiometric sensors that ensures a stable liquid junction potential.
  • To overcome limitations of existing reference electrodes regarding electrolyte flow and contamination.
  • To enable long-term, calibration-free potentiometric measurements with minimal maintenance.

Main Methods:

  • Designed a reference electrode with a concentrated electrolyte contacting the sample via a 10.2 μm capillary.
  • Applied a minimal pressure of 10.0 kPa to achieve a controlled electrolyte flow rate of 100 nL/h.
  • Evaluated potential stability over 21 days to assess performance.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a highly stable potential with a drift of 6 ± 3 μV/h over 21 days.
  • Demonstrated a controlled electrolyte flow rate of 100 nL/h using minimal pressure (10.0 kPa).
  • The design prevents contamination and electrolyte depletion, eliminating the need for frequent refilling.

Conclusions:

  • The developed reference electrode provides exceptional potential stability for advanced potentiometric sensing.
  • The capillary-based flow control system ensures reliable and maintenance-free operation for years.
  • This innovation supports the growing demand for long-term, calibration-free potentiometric measurements.