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Related Concept Videos

Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle01:16

Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle

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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages

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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus
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Evolutionarily Stable Coevolution Between a Plastic Lytic Virus and Its Microbial Host.

Melinda Choua1, Michael R Heath1, Juan A Bonachela2

  • 1Marine Population Modeling Group, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Scotland, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|June 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Viral plasticity, where viruses adapt to host conditions, drives bacterial host evolution. This coevolution increases host size and growth, benefiting both populations and impacting microbial community dynamics.

Keywords:
E. coliT phagehost-virus interactionslysisphage (bacteriophage)viral latencyvirus modeling

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Area of Science:

  • Microbial Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Host traits like cell size fundamentally influence viral replication and host-virus coevolution.
  • The interplay between host physiology and viral performance is critical for understanding evolutionary dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the coevolutionary strategies of bacterial hosts and viruses, incorporating viral plasticity.
  • To compare evolutionary outcomes with and without viral plasticity, and with independent or coupled evolution of host and virus.

Main Methods:

  • Modification of a standard host-lytic phage model to include viral plasticity.
  • Analysis of coevolutionary dynamics under various evolutionary scenarios (virus-only, host-only, coupled evolution).
  • Comparison with predictions from a model assuming a non-plastic virus.

Main Results:

  • Viral presence promotes long-term increases in host size and growth rate, benefiting both host and virus populations.
  • Viral plasticity alters the host quality-quantity trade-off, influenced by nutrient availability.
  • Poor nutrient environments lead to more, lower-quality hosts and longer infection times; rich environments lead to fewer, higher-quality hosts and shorter infection times.

Conclusions:

  • Viral plasticity is a key factor in host-virus coevolution, leading to mutualistic evolutionary outcomes.
  • Understanding viral plasticity is crucial for predicting microbial community structure and dynamics in changing environments.
  • This research can inform strategies for using bacteriophages (phages) in applications like combating bacterial infections.