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Related Concept Videos

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview01:16

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

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Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
Sigmatropic shifts are classified based on an order term [i, j ], where i and j indicate the number of atoms across which each end of the σ bond migrates. Below are examples of a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in 1,5-hexadiene, referred...
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Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
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As depicted in the figure below, the unsymmetrical ketones can form two possible enolates:  less substituted or more substituted enolates. Usually, the thermodynamic enolates are formed from the more substituted α-carbon atom, while the kinetic enolates are formed faster by deprotonation from the less substituted position. The thermodynamic enolates have lower energy, so they are  more stable. But the energy required to form kinetic enolates is less.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 2, 2025

Synthesis of Zeolites Using the ADOR Assembly-Disassembly-Organization-Reassembly Route
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Thermodynamic rules for zeolite formation from machine learning based global optimization.

Sicong Ma1, Cheng Shang1, Chuan-Ming Wang2

  • 1Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Material, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China zpliu@fudan.edu.cn.

Chemical Science
|June 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Machine learning identified thermodynamic rules for stable zeolite frameworks. This advances the rational design and synthesis of novel zeolite structures beyond current limitations.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Zeolite framework discovery is limited despite theoretical possibilities.
  • Complex synthesis kinetics and conditions hinder the creation of new zeolite types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish the global potential energy surface for a representative zeolite system (SiAlP O2H with 12 T atoms).
  • To identify thermodynamic rules governing the stability of zeolite frameworks.
  • To correlate these rules with synthesis conditions for rational design.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized machine learning global optimization techniques.
  • Analyzed over 10^6 minima data points from atomistic simulations.
  • Established the global potential energy surface for SiAlP O2H systems.

Main Results:

  • Identified key thermodynamic rules for stable zeolite energetics.
  • Discovered local bonding patterns crucial for zeolite stability.
  • Developed guidelines to classify zeolite types based on stability and composition.

Conclusions:

  • Machine learning simulations provide a new pathway for zeolite discovery.
  • Thermodynamic rules enable rational design of stable zeolite frameworks.
  • This approach facilitates the synthesis of zeolites with desired compositions and properties.