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Related Concept Videos

Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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In Vitro Differentiation Model of Human Normal Memory B Cells to Long-lived Plasma Cells
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The gene regulatory network controlling plasma cell function.

Stephanie Trezise1,2, Stephen L Nutt1,2

  • 1The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.

Immunological Reviews
|June 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Antibody secreting cells (ASCs) are crucial for immunity. This review details the gene regulatory networks, metabolic adaptations, and key transcription factors that enable ASCs to produce high levels of antibodies.

Keywords:
B cell differentiationantibody secretionplasma cellunfolded protein response

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Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Antibodies are vital for immune responses and long-term protection against infections.
  • Antibodies are synthesized and secreted by plasmablasts and plasma cells, known as antibody secreting cells (ASCs).
  • ASCs possess specialized pathways for high-rate antibody production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the gene regulatory network controlling ASC identity and function.
  • To focus on processes influencing antibody transcription, translation, folding, modification, and secretion.
  • To explore ASC adaptations in transcriptional, metabolic, and protein homeostasis pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ASCs.
  • Analysis of gene regulatory networks.
  • Discussion of transcription factors (Irf4, Blimp-1, Xbp1) and their roles.

Main Results:

  • ASCs exhibit highly specialized transcriptional and metabolic pathways.
  • Key transcription factors like Irf4, Blimp-1, and Xbp1 coordinate ASC functions.
  • Adaptations in protein homeostasis pathways sustain high antibody production rates.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding ASC regulation is key to antibody production.
  • Irf4, Blimp-1, and Xbp1 are central regulators of ASCs.
  • ASCs represent a model for high-rate protein synthesis and secretion.