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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

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Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
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Mitochondrial noncoding RNAs: new wine in an old bottle.

Huixin Liang1,2, Jiayu Liu3, Shicheng Su1,3,4,5

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.

RNA Biology
|June 10, 2021
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Summary

Mitochondrial noncoding RNAs (mt-ncRNAs) are key regulators of cellular functions. This review classifies mt-ncRNAs and explores mitochondrial circular RNAs, microRNAs, and long noncoding RNAs.

Keywords:
Mitochondriamitochondrial circRNAsmitochondrial long noncoding RNAsmitochondrial microRNAsmitochondrial noncoding RNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Mitochondrial biology
  • Molecular genetics
  • Noncoding RNA research

Background:

  • Mitochondrial noncoding RNAs (mt-ncRNAs) originate from mitochondrial or nuclear genomes.
  • These RNAs are found within mitochondria or translocated to other cellular compartments.
  • Emerging evidence highlights their crucial roles beyond mitochondrial function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a classification system for mt-ncRNAs.
  • To review the current understanding of specific mt-ncRNA types: mitochondrial circular RNAs (mt-circRNAs), mitochondrial microRNAs (mitomiRs), and mitochondrial long noncoding RNAs (mt-lncRNAs).
  • To emphasize the identification and functional significance of these mitochondrial noncoding RNAs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of recent findings.
  • Classification of mt-ncRNAs based on origin and location.
  • Focus on identification strategies and functional analysis of mt-circRNAs, mitomiRs, and mt-lncRNAs.

Main Results:

  • A proposed classification framework for mt-ncRNAs.
  • Detailed overview of mt-circRNAs, mitomiRs, and mt-lncRNAs.
  • Emphasis on the diverse roles and identification methods for these molecules.

Conclusions:

  • mt-ncRNAs are critical regulators of cellular processes.
  • Further research into mt-ncRNA classification, identification, and function is warranted.
  • Understanding mt-ncRNAs offers insights into mitochondrial and cellular activities.