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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

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Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
639
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

938
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

558
Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
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Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
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On anesthesia and race.

Rafael Ortega1, Rachel A Achu2

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.

Journal of the National Medical Association
|June 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Structural racism impacts health, including anesthesia care. Examining anesthesia

Keywords:
AnesthesiaDisparitiesHistoryRaceSlavery

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Area of Science:

  • Medical History
  • Public Health
  • Health Equity

Background:

  • Structural racism is a significant public health concern.
  • Racial disparities persist in pain assessment and analgesia.
  • Anesthesiology's history is intertwined with racial bias.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the historical roots of race in anesthesiology.
  • To explore how racial discrimination shaped the medical specialty.
  • To identify strategies for achieving racially equitable anesthesia care.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of anesthesiology through a racialized lens.
  • Analysis of the origins of anesthesia in the American South.
  • Examination of social determinants of health and racial disparities.

Main Results:

  • Anesthesia's development is linked to racial prejudice since its inception.
  • Racialized pain perception has influenced medical practice.
  • Persistent disparities exist in pain management across racial lines.

Conclusions:

  • Challenging current understandings of race in medicine is crucial.
  • Historical analysis can reveal biases in anesthesia.
  • Addressing these biases is essential for equitable healthcare.