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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

19.8K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

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In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
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Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

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Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can...
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The Synthesis of [Sn10SiSiMe334]2- Using a Metastable SnI Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique
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Intermetallic phases meet intermetalloid clusters.

Max Schütz1, Christian Gemel1, Wilhelm Klein1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. thomas.faessler@lrz.tum.de roland.fischer@tum.de.

Chemical Society Reviews
|June 11, 2021
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Summary

This study explores intermetalloid clusters of copper with zinc, aluminum, tin, and lead. These clusters exhibit structural similarities to solid-state phases, offering insights into Hume-Rothery and Zintl-type compounds.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Intermetalloid clusters of Cu-Zn, Cu-Al, Cu-Sn, and Cu-Pb are investigated.
  • These compounds relate to Hume-Rothery type intermetallic compounds, characterized by valence electron counts.
  • Structural parallels exist between Zintl-type and molecular clusters and their solid-state counterparts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss intermetalloid clusters focusing on their metal core structures.
  • To relate the structures of these clusters to established principles in intermetallic solid-state phases.
  • To address the synthesis of these clusters.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of metal core structures in intermetalloid clusters.
  • Relating cluster structures to solid-state structural principles.
  • Discussion of synthetic approaches for cluster formation.

Main Results:

  • Intermetalloid clusters of copper with zinc, aluminum, tin, and lead are examined.
  • Structural features of clusters are linked to valence electron counts and Hume-Rothery rules.
  • Synthesis strategies, particularly those involving organometallic precursors and redox processes, are presented.

Conclusions:

  • Intermetalloid clusters provide molecular models for understanding intermetallic solid-state phases.
  • The synthesis of these clusters is achievable through organometallic chemistry, utilizing redox reactions.
  • The study highlights the structural diversity and chemical principles governing these metal-rich compounds.