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Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies

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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome I: Introduction01:30

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Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) encompasses a spectrum of heart conditions caused by sudden obstruction of coronary arteries, typically resulting from the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombus (blood clot) formation. This obstruction can lead to partial or complete blockage of blood flow, causing varying degrees of myocardial ischemia or infarction.ACS includes the following clinical entities:Unstable Angina (UA)Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)ST-Elevation...
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Nursing Assessment:Nursing management of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) involves taking the patient's history, focusing on primary complaints such as chest pain, dyspnea, and excessive sweating (diaphoresis), as well as other symptoms like back or jaw pain, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, dizziness, and fatigue. The nurse also reviews the patient's history of cardiac events, risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, smoking, family history, and current medications.In the objective assessment,...
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Nephrotic Syndrome II : Assessment and Medical Management01:26

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IntroductionNephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder marked by excessive protein loss in the urine, leading to various systemic complications. This condition often results from damage to the glomeruli—the kidney's filtering units—causing proteinuria, low blood protein levels, and fluid retention. Understanding the assessment, diagnosis, and management of nephrotic syndrome is essential for effective treatment and prevention of further kidney damage.AssessmentPatient History: Document...
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The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...
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[Update on Susac syndrome].

C David1, K Sacré2, T Papo2

  • 1Service de médecine interne, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France.

La Revue De Medecine Interne
|June 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Susac syndrome, a rare microangiopathy, affects young women with neurological, retinal, and hearing symptoms. Early recognition and treatment with corticosteroids or immunosuppressants are crucial to manage this condition.

Keywords:
Cerebral vasculitisMicroangiopathieMicroangiopathySusac syndromeSyndrome de SusacVascularite cérébrale

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Ophthalmology
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Susac syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease causing microvascular inflammation.
  • It primarily affects young women, impacting the brain, eyes, and ears.
  • Pathophysiology suggests a primary vasculitis of small vessels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic criteria for Susac syndrome.
  • To describe the clinical presentation and disease course.
  • To review current treatment strategies and outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical case review and literature synthesis.
  • Diagnostic criteria based on triad of encephalopathy, retinal artery occlusion, and cochlear dysfunction.
  • Treatment strategies including antiplatelets, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants.

Main Results:

  • Susac syndrome presents with encephalopathy, visual disturbances, and hearing loss.
  • MRI reveals characteristic corpus callosum lesions.
  • Relapses are common, with sequelae like hearing loss persisting.

Conclusions:

  • Susac syndrome requires prompt diagnosis based on its characteristic triad.
  • Treatment involves a stepwise approach, escalating to immunosuppressants for refractory cases.
  • Despite treatment, long-term sequelae, particularly hearing loss, are frequent.