Sodium-Decorated Amorphous/Crystalline RuO₂ with Rich Oxygen Vacancies: A Robust pH-Universal Oxygen Evolution...

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a key reaction for many electrochemical devices. To date, many OER electrocatalysts function well in alkaline media, but exhibit poor performances in neutral and acidic media, especially the acidic stability. Herein, sodium-decorated amorphous/crystalline RuO₂ with rich oxygen vacancies (a/c-RuO₂ ) was developed as a pH-universal OER electrocatalyst. The a/c-RuO₂ shows remarkable resistance to acid corrosion and oxidation during OER, which leads to an extremely high catalytic stability, as confirmed by a negligible overpotential increase after continuously catalyzing OER for 60 h at pH=1. Besides, a/c-RuO₂ also exhibits superior OER activities to commercial RuO₂ and most reported OER catalysts under all pH conditions. Theoretical calculations indicated that the introduction of Na dopant and oxygen vacancy in RuO₂ weakens the adsorption strength of the OER intermediates by engineering the d-band center, thereby lowering the energy barrier for OER.