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Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
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Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

Cerebral Hemispheres

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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
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Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

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The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements....
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:24

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 2, 2025

Recording Human Electrocorticographic ECoG Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping
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Recording Human Electrocorticographic ECoG Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping

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Mapping of the Language Cortex.

Faisal R Jahangiri1,2,3, Gurtegh S Chima3, Martha Pearson3

  • 1Neurophysiology, Axis Neuromonitoring LLC, Richardson, USA.

Cureus
|June 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Intraoperative neurophysiological language mapping (INLM) during awake craniotomy helps surgeons identify critical language areas. This technique minimizes permanent deficits and maximizes tumor resection near the language cortex.

Keywords:
broca’scortical mappingeloquent areaionmlanguage mappingneuromonitoringneurophysiologytumorswernicke’s

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Translational Brain Mapping at the University of Rochester Medical Center: Preserving the Mind Through Personalized Brain Mapping
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Study Design for Navigated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Speech Cortical Mapping
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Study Design for Navigated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Speech Cortical Mapping

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Recording Human Electrocorticographic ECoG Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping
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Translational Brain Mapping at the University of Rochester Medical Center: Preserving the Mind Through Personalized Brain Mapping
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Study Design for Navigated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Speech Cortical Mapping
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Study Design for Navigated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Speech Cortical Mapping

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Neurophysiology
  • Neurolinguistics

Background:

  • Awake craniotomy with intraoperative neurophysiological language mapping (INLM) is standard for language cortex tumor resection.
  • Neurophysiological monitoring assesses language function, not feasible under general anesthesia.
  • INLM aids surgeons in reducing risks during motor and language cortex tumor resection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a literature review and technical method for INLM using direct electrical cortical stimulation (DECS).
  • To report the usefulness of INLM in evaluating language function during resection of cortical tumors, epilepsy foci, and AVMs near language areas.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of the central sulcus via sensory mapping, followed by motor cortex identification using DECS.
  • Neurological assessment involves auditory and visual feedback, with patients repeating stimuli and naming pictures during cortical stimulation.
  • Electrocorticography (ECoG) is performed during stimulation to detect after-discharges.

Main Results:

  • DECS may transiently cause speech slurring or arrest.
  • Postoperative examinations are conducted at multiple time points: immediately, 24 hours, 1 week, 6 months, and 12 months.
  • Bipolar DECS with ECoG reliably identifies essential language areas, minimizing permanent deficits and maximizing tumor resection.

Conclusions:

  • INLM is a valuable tool for surgeons operating near language cortex.
  • The technique helps preserve language function while achieving maximal tumor resection.
  • DECS combined with ECoG offers a safe and reliable method for intraoperative language mapping.